Microvascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus

Klein R Klein BEK Moss SE Davis MD Demets DL : Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy JAMA 1988, 260:2864–2871.

Steffes MW Sutherland DER Goetz FC Rich SS Mauer SM : Studies of kidney and muscle biopsy specimens from identical twins discordant for type 1 diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 1985, 312:1282–1287.

Engerman RL Kern TS : Progression of incipient diabetic retinopathy during good glycemic control Diabetes 1987, 36:808–812. ∗ Documents the progression of diabetic retinopathy in an animal model even after glycemic control is reestablished.

Reichard P Nilsson BY Rosenqvist U : The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 1993, 329:304–309. * Documents the benefits of intensive insulin treatment and good glycemic control on the prevention of chronic microangiopathic complications. Also shows in human a time lag of 90 months before the benefit of reduced serious retinopathy becomes apparent in the intensive treatment group.

Tooke JE : Microvascular function in human diabetes Diabetes 1995, 44:721–726. * Evidence to support the role of altered hemodynamics in the pathogenesis of microangiopathy.

Tooke JE : Microvascular hemodynamics in diabetes mellitus Clin Sci 1986, 70:119–125.

Williams SA Wassermann S Rawlinson DW Kitney RI Smaje LH Tooke JE : Dynamic measurement of human capillary blood pressure Clin Sci 1988, 74:507–512.

Sandeman DD Shore AC Tooke JE : Relation of skin capillary pressure in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to complications and metabolic control N Engl J Med 1992, 327:760–764.

Shore AC Price KJ Sandeman DD Tripp JH Tooke JE : Posturally induced vasoconstriction in diabetes mellitus Arch Dis Childhood 1994, 70:22–26.

Shore AC Jaap AJ Tooke JE : Capillary pressure in insulin dependent diabetic patients of long disease duration with and without microangiopathy Diabetic Med 1992, 9 (Suppl. 2):S11.

Williams SA Boolell M MacGregor GA Smaje LH Wasserman SM Tooke JE : Capillary hypertension and abnormal pressure dynamics in patients with essential hypertension Clin Sci 1990, 79:5–8.

Berkman J Rifkin H : Unilateral nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis (Kimmel-Steel-Wilson): Report of a case Metabolism 1973, 22:715–722.

Duker JS Brown GC Bosley TM Colt CA Reber R : Asymmetric proliferative diabetic retinopathy and carotid artery disease Ophthalmology 1990, 97:869–874.

Tesfamariam B Brown ML Deykin D Cohen RA : Elevated glucose promotes generation of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids in rabbit aorta J Clin Invest 1990, 85:929–932.

Takahashi K Ghatei MA Lam HC O'Halloran DJ Bloom SR : Elevated plasma endothelin in patients with diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 1990, 33:306–310.

Molinatti PA Porta M Takahashi K Kanse SM Brooks RA Bloom SR Kohner EM : Endothelin-1 production is reduced in retinal capillary endothelial cells cultured in high glucose [abstract] Diabetologia 1990, 33:A51.

Njoroge FG Monnier VM : The chemistry of the Maillard reaction under physiological conditions: A review Prog Clin Biol Res 1989, 304:85–107.

Brownlee M Cerami A Vlassara H : Advanced glycosylation endproducts in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications N Engl J Med 1988, 318:1315–1321.

Ledl F Schleicher E : New aspects of the Maillard reaction in foods and in the human body. 1990, 6:565–706.

Perejda AJ Uitto J : Nonenzymatic glycosylation of collagen and other proteins: Relationship to development of diabetic complications Collagen Relat Res 1982, 2:81–88.

Chang K Ulitto J Rowold EA Grant GA Kilo C Williamson JR : Increased collagen cross-linkages in experimental diabetes: Reversal by B-amino-propionitrile and D-penicillamine Diabetes 1980, 29:778–781.

Monnier VM Vishwanath V Frank KE Elmets CA Dauchot P Kohn RR : Relation between complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus and collagen-linked fluorescence N Engl J Med 1986, 314:403–408.

Bucala R Tracey KJ Cerami A : Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilation in experimental diabetes J Clin Invest 1991, 87:432–438.

Hogan M Cerami A Bucala R : Advanced glycosylation endproducts block the antiproliferative effect of nitric oxide: Role in the vascular and renal complications of diabetes mellitus J Clin Invest 1992, 90:1110–1115.

Soulis-Liparota T Cooper M Papazoglou D Clarke B Jerums G : Retardation by aminoguanidine of development of albuminuria, mesangial expansion, and tissue fluorescence in streptozocin-induced diabetic rat Diabetes 1991, 40:1328–1334.

Kihara M Schmeltzer JD Poduslo JF Curran GL Nickander KK Low PA : Aminoguanidine effects on nerve blood flow, vascular permeability, electrophysiology, and oxygen free radicals Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:6107–6111.

Suarez G Rajarani R Bhurjan KC Oronsky L Goidi JA : Administration of aldose reductase inhibitor induces a decrease of collagen fluorescence in diabetic rats J Clin Invest 1988, 82:624–627.

Nicholls K Mandel TE : Advanced glycosylation end products in experimental murine diabetic nephropathy: Effect of islet grafting and aminoguanidine Lab Invest 1989, 60:486–491.

Osterby R : Basement membrane morphology in diabetes mellitus. In Diabetes Mellitus. Edited by Rifkin H Port DJ. New York: Elsevier, 1990.

Williamson JR Kilo C : Current status of capillary basement-membrane disease in diabetes mellitus Diabetes 1977, 26:65–73.

Vracko R : Skeletal muscle capillaries in diabetics Circulation 1970, 41:271–283.

Li W Shen S Khatami M Rockey JH : Stimulation of retinal capillary pericyte protein and collagen synthesis in culture by high-glucose concentration Diabetes 1984, 33:785–789.

Cagliero E Maiello M Boeri D Roy S Lorenzi M : Increased expression of basement membrane components in human endothelial cells cultured in high glucose J Clin Invest 1988, 82:735–738.

Berman A Ledbetter S : Regulation of type IV collagen mRNA in retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes by glucose levels and aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil [abstract] Diabetes 1988, 37 (suppl 1):96A.

Bernstein J Cheng F Roszka J : Increased glucose increases glomerular basement membrane in metanephric culture Pediatr Nephrol 1987, 1:3–8.

Reddi AS : Collagen metabolism in the retina of normal and diabetic rats Exp Eye Res 1985, 41:345–352.

Panush Cohen M Khalifa A : Renal glomerular collagen synthesis in streptozotocin diabetes: Reversal of increased basement membrane synthesis with Insulin therapy Biochim Biophys Acta 1977, 500:395–404.

Sprio RG Spiro MJ : Effect of diabetes on the biosynthesis of the renal glomerular basement membrane: Studies on the glucosyltransferase Diabetes 1971, 20:641–648.

Steffes MW Osterby R Chavers B Mauer SM : Mesangial expansion as a central mechanism for loss of kidney function in diabetic patients Diabetes 1989, 38:1077–1081.

Riser BL Cortes P Zhao X Bernstein J Dumler F Narins RG et al.: Intraglomerular pressure and mesangial stretching stimulate extracellular matrix formation in the rat J Clin Invest 1993, 91:1932–1943.

Cogan DG Toussaint D Kuwabara T : Retinal vascular patterns. IV. Diabetic retinopathy Arch Ophthalmol 1961, 66:366–378.

Ashton N : Studies of the retinal capillaries in relation to diabetic and other retinopathies Br J Ophthalmol 1963, 47:521–538.

Tilton RG Faller AN Burkhardt JK Hoffmann PL Kilo C Williamson JR : Pericyte degeneration and acellular capillaries are increased in the feet of human diabetic patients Diabetologia 1985, 28:898–900.

Vracko R : A comparison of the microvascular lesions in diabetes mellitus with those in normal aging J Am Geriatr Soc 1982, 30:201–205.

Fenton BM Zweifach BW Worthen DM : Quantitative morphometry of conjunctival microcirculation in diabetes mellitus Microvasc Res 1979, 18:153–166.

Jakobsen J Sidenius P Gundersen HJG Osterby R : Quantitative changes of cerebral neocortical structure in insulin-treated long-term streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats Diabetes 1987, 36:597–601.

Lorenzi M Cagliero E : Pathobiology of endothelial and other vascular cells in diabetes mellitus Diabetes 1991, 40:653–659. ∗ Documents changes in microvascular cells with diabetes and critiques areas which need further investigation.

Speiser P Gittelsohn AM Patz A : Studies on diabetic retinopathy. III. Influence of diabetes on intramural pericytes Arch Ophthalmol 1968, 80:332–337.

Bito AL DeRousseau CJ : Transport function of the blood-retinal barrier system and the micro-environment of the retina. In The Blood Retinal Barriers. Edited by Chauna-Vaz JD. New York: Plenum Press, 1980.

Bloodworth JMB : A re-evaluation of diabetic glomerulo-sclerosis 50 years after the discovery of insulin Human Pathol 1978, 9:439–453.

Factor SM Okun EM Minase T : Capillary microaneurysms in the human diabetic heart N Engl J Med 1980, 302:384–388.

Wise GN : Retinal microaneurysms AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1957, 57:151–156.

Kador PF Akagi Y Takahashi Y Ikebe H Wyman M Kinoshita JH : Prevention of retinal vessel changes associated with diabetic retinopathy in galactose-fed dogs by aldose reductase inhibitors Arch Ophthalmol 1990, 108:1301–1309.

Sato Y Rifkin DB : Inhibition of endothelial cell movement by pericytes and smooth muscle cells: Activation of a latent transformation growth factor B1-like molecule by plasmin during co-culture J Cell Biol 1989, 109:309–315.

Antonelli-Orlidge A Saunders KB Smith SR D'Amore PA : An activated form of transforming growth factor B is produced by cocultures of endothelial cells and pericytes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86:4544–4548.

Deckert T Feldt-Rasmussen B Borch-Johnsen K Jensen T Kofoed Enevoldsen A : Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage: The Steno hypothesis Diabetologica 1989, 32:219–226.

Williamson JR Chang K Frangos M Hasan KS Ido Y Kawamura T et al.: Perspectives in diabetes: Hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia and diabetic complications Diabetes 1993, 42:801–813.

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study III: Prevalence of hypertension and hypotensive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes Hypertension 1985, 7 (suppl 2):8–13.

Sandeman DD Pym CA Green EM Seamark C Shore AC Tooke JE : Microvascular vasodilatation in feet of newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetic patients BMJ 1991, 302:1122–1123.

Jaap AJ Hammersley MS Shore AC Tooke JE : Reduced microvascular hyperaemia in subjects at risk of developing type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 1994, 37:214–216.

Welborn TA Breckenridge A Rubinstein AH Dollery CT Fraser TR : Serum insulin in essential hypertension and in peripheral vascular disease Lancet 1966, i:1336–1337.

Donahue RP Skyler JS Schneiderian N Prineas RJ : Hyperinsulinemia and elevated blood pressure: Cause, confounder, or coincidence? Am J Epidemiol 1990, 132:827–836.

Kaplan NM : The deadly quartet: Upper-body adiposity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension Arch Intern Med 1989, 149:1514–1520.

Haffner SM Valdez RA Hazuda HP Mitchell BD Morales PA : Prospective analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X) Diabetes 1992, 41:715–722.

Stern MP Morales PA Haffner SM Valdez RA : Hyperdynamic circulation and the insulin resistance syndrome (‘syndrome X’) Hypertension 1992, 20:802–808.

Jiang X Srinivasan SR Urbina E Berenson GS : Hyperdynamic circulation and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. The Bogalusa Heart Study Circulation 1995, 91:1101–1106.

Juhan-Vague I Alessi MC Vague P : Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels: A possible link between insulin resistance and artherothrombosis Diabetologia 1991, 34:457–462.

Schneider DJ Nordt TK Sobel BE : Attenuated fibrinolysis and accelerated atherosclerosis in type II diabetic patients Diabetes 1993, 42:1–7.

Kooistra T Bosma PJ Tons HAM van den Berg AP Meyer P Princen HMG : Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: Biosynthesis and mRNA level are increased by insulin in cultured human hepatocytes Thromb Haemos 1989, 62:723–728.

Nordt TK Sawa H Fujii S Sobel BE : Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) by proinsulin and insulin in vivo. Circulation 1995, 91:764–770.

Kollros PR Konkle BA Ambarian AP Henrikson P : Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by brain microvessel endothelial cells is inhibited by elevated glucose J Neurochem 1994, 63:903–909.

Werb Z Banda MJ Jones PA : Degradation of connective tissue matrices by macrophages. I. Proteolysis of elastin, glycoproteins and collagen by proteinases isolated from macrophages J Exp Med 1980, 152:1340–1357.

Werb Z Mainardi C Vater CA Harris JED : Endogenous activation of latent collagenase by rheumatoid synovial cells. Evidence for a role of plasminogen activator N Engl J Med 1977, 296:1017–1023.

Ingber DE Folkman J : How does extracellular matrix control capillary morphogenesis? Cell 1989, 58:803–805. ∗ This reference presents an interesting perspective on matrix cell interactions.

Hsueh WA Anderson PW : Systemic hypertension and the renin-angiotensin system in diabetic vascular complications Am J Cardiol 1993, 72:14H–21H.

Karpen CW Spanheimer RG Randolph AL Lowe JWL : Tissue-specific regulation of basic fibroblase growth factor mRNA levels by diabetes Diabetes 1992, 41:222–226.

Ruderman NB Williamson JR Brownlee M : Glucose and diabetic vascular disease FASEB J 1992, 6:2905–2914. ∗ This review examines how diabetes causes disruptions in cell physiology. It describes a number of pathophysiologic sequences and how they may relate to one another.

Bank N Mower P Aynedijian HS Wilkes BM Silverman S : Sorbinil prevents glomerular hyperperfusion in diabetic rats Am J Physiol 1989, 256:F1000–F1006.

Greene DA Lattimer SA Sima AAF : Pathogenesis and prevention of diabetic neuropathy Diab/Metab Rev 1988, 5:202–221.

Winegrad AI : Does a common mechanism induce the diverse complications of diabetes? Diabetes 1987, 36:396–406.

Craven PA Davidson CM DeRubertis FR : Increase in diacylglycerol mass in isolated glomeruli by glucose from de novo synthesis of glycerolipids Diabetes 1990, 39:667–674.

Lee TS MacGregor LC Fluharty SJ King GL : Differential regulation of protein kinase C and (Na,K)-adenosine triphosphatase activities by elevated glucose levels in retinal capillary endothelial cells J Clin Invest 1989, 83:90–94.

Lee TS Saltsman KA Ohashi H King GL : Activation of protein kinase C by elevated glucose concentration: Proposal for a mechanism in the development of diabetic vascular complications Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86:5141–5145.

Craven PA DePubertis FR : Sorbinil suppresses glomerular prostaglandin production in the streptozotocin diabetic rat Metabolism 1989, 38:649–654.

Simmons DA Winegrad AI : Mechanism of glucose-induced (Na,K)-ATPase inhibition in aortic wall of rabbits Diabetologia 1990, 32:402–408.

Pugliese G Tilton RG Speedy A Santarelli E Eades DM Province MA et al.: Modulation of hemodynamic and vascular filtration changes in diabetic rats by dietary myo-inositol Diabetes 1990, 39:312–322.