Early reopening of the infarct-related artery salvages myocardium and, consequently, preserves left ventricular function, which results in an improved survival rate (the early open infarct-related artery theory). Nevertheless, late patency of the infarct-related artery is also important, because it prevents ventricular remodelling (the late-open infarct-related artery theory). A comprehensive view of the importance of both conditions is presented.
BraunwaldE: The open artery theory is alive and well – again. N Engl J Med1993, 329:1650–1652.
2.
HillisLDLangeRA: Time for a prospective, randomized trial of the acute ‘open artery hypothesis’ in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1992, 69:1359–1360.
3.
KimCBBraunwaldE: Potential benefits of late reperfusion of infarcted myocardium. The open artery hypothesis. Circulation1993, 88:2426–2436. A thorough analysis of both sides of the open artery hypothesis. Apart from the importance of early and sustained patency, the value of the late opening of infarct-related vessels is masterfully discussed.
4.
TopolEJ: Validation of the early open infarct vessel hypothesis. Am J Cardiol1993, 72 (suppl G):40G–45G. An excellent discussion of the implications of the results of the GUSTO study for further refinements of our understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial reperfusion and of related clinical strategies.
5.
BraunwaldE: Myocardial reperfusion: Limitation of infarct size, reduction of left ventricular dysfunction, and improved survival. Should the paradigm be expanded? Circulation1989, 79:441–444. An editorial presenting data and arguments in favour of the importance of late patency of the IRA and the time-dependent mechanisms underlying its benefit.
6.
TiefenbrunnAJSobelBE: Timing of coronary recanalization. Paradigms, paradoxes and pertinence. Circulation1992, 85:2311–2315. A contribution to a unified theory of the importance of the open IRA. Components both dependent upon and independent of time are thoroughly analysed.
7.
GershBJAndersonJ: Thrombolysis and myocardial salvage. Results of clinical trials and the animal paradigm – paradoxic or predictable? Circulation1993, 88:296–306. A comprehensive discussion of the time-dependent and time-independent beneficial effects of an open IRA, with implications for clinical practice.
8.
RobertsRKleimanN: The Open Artery. Perspectives on Coronary Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Hamilton, Ontario: Decker; 1992: 3–21. A monograph devoted to the ‘early reperfusion principle’ in patients with AMI.
9.
Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI): Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet1986, i:397–402. This is the first large-scale clinical trial to demonstrate the survival benefit of intravenous thrombolysis after AMI.
10.
The ISAM Study Group: A prospective trial of Intravenous Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction (ISAM). N Engl J Med1986, 314:1465–1471. A randomized study of streptokinase in patients with AMI; careful estimations of infarct size revealed that patients treated with streptokinase had an improved rate of survival.
11.
ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet1988, ii:349–360. A key study on a larger scale than GISSI supporting the results of the latter with streptokinase in patients with AMI and demonstrating that aspirin produces an independent and additional reduction in mortality.
12.
HochmanJSChooH: Limitation of myocardial infarct expansion by reperfusion independent of myocardial salvage. Circulation1987, 75:299–306. In an animal model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion, late reperfusion prevented the formation of ventricular aneurysms despite the absence of myocardial salvage.
13.
StadiusMLKennedyJW: Importance of the open infarct artery. In Acute Coronary Care in the Thrombolytic Era. Edited by CaliffRMMarkDBWagnerGS.Chicago: Year Book; 1988: 685–700.
14.
DalenJFBraunwaldEGoldbergRJPassamaniERFormanSKnatterudG, And the TIMI Investigators: Six- and twelve-month follow-up of the phase I Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Am J Cardiol1988, 62:179–185.
15.
De WoodMASporesJNotskeRMouserLTBurroughsRGoldenMS: Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1980, 303:897–902. A fundamental study that clearly demonstrated that thrombotic occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery is usually the immediate cause of AMI.
16.
AIMS Trial Study Group: Effect of intravenous APSAC on mortality after acute myocardial infarction: Preliminary report of a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet1988, i:545–549. A trial demonstrating that APSAC greatly reduces mortality after AMI. The study was terminated prematurely for ethical reasons after an interim analysis.
17.
WilcoxRGOlssonCGSkeneAMVon der LippeGJensenGHamptonJR, For the ASSET Study Group: Anglo-Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET): Trial of tissue plasminogen activator for mortality reduction in acute myocardial infarctionLancet1988, ii:525–530. A study of 5000 patients with suspected AMI, which demonstrated that intravenous rt-PA significantly reduces mortality.
18.
ReimerKALoweJERasmussenMMJenningsRB: The wave-front phenomenon of ischemic cell death. I. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation1977, 56:786–794. A classic study demonstrating that myocardial salvage depends upon the time from coronary occlusion to reperfusion.
19.
KlonerRAEllisSGLangeRBraunwaldE: Studies of experimental coronary artery reperfusion: Effect on infarct size, myocardial function, biochemistry, ultrastructure and microvascular damage. Circulation1983, 68 (suppl I):18–115. This study expands and refines the early observations made from animal models of coronary occlusion and reperfusion.
20.
ShermanWRentropKP: Thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. In Cardiology, volume 2. Edited by ParmleyWWChatterjeeK.Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1987: 1–9.
21.
WhiteHJWilliamsDO: Selection of patients for thrombolytic therapy. In Acute Coronary Care in the Thrombolytic Era. Edited by CaliffRMMarkDBWagnerGS.Chicago: Year Book; 1988: 173–183.
22.
TopolEJ: Thrombolytic intervention. In Textbook of Interventional Cardiology. Edited by TopolEJ.Philadelphia: Saunders; 1990: 76–120.
23.
Van de WerfF: Discrepancies between the effects of coronary reperfusion on survival and left ventricular function. Lancet1989, i:1367–1369. An discussion of the ‘time-to-treatment paradox’, which concerns the apparent lack of preservation of ventricular function by effective (mortality-reducing) thrombolysis in patients with AMI.
24.
FortinDFCaliffRM: Long-term survival from acute myocardial infarction. Salutary effect of an open coronary artery. Am J Med1990, 8 (suppl 1):1N–9N.
25.
RossAMReinerJSVahanianASchmidtPKazmierskyJThompsonCR, For the GUSTO Investigators: Early angiographic predictors of excess mortality risk following lytic therapy for myocardial infarction, observations from GUSTO [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol1994, 23 (suppl):27A.
26.
The GUSTO Investigators: An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1993, 329:673–682. A very large clinical trial demonstrating that accelerated administration of rt-PA in patients with AMI was more beneficial than the previously used standard thrombolytic regimens.
27.
WhiteDH: GISSI-2 and the heparin controversy. Lancet1990, 336:297–298.
28.
Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico: GISSI-2: A factorial randomized trial of alteplase versus streptokinase and heparin versus no heparin. Lancet1990, 336:65–71. A large-scale clinical trial that showed no difference in mortality after AMI in groups given streptokinase or a standard rt-PA regimen (that did not include the early administration of intravenous heparin, an omission stongly criticized by proponents of alteplase administration).
29.
The International Study Group: In-hospital mortality and clinical course of 20 891 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction randomized between alteplase and streptokinase with or without heparin. Lancet1990, 336:71–75. A report of the international extension of the GISSI-2 trial, which confirmed the results of the original GISSI-2 trial in 8000 additional patients.
30.
ISIS-3 (Third International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: ISIS-3: A randomized comparison of streptokinase vs tissue plasminogen activator vs anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs aspirin alone among 41 299 suspected cases of acute myocardial infarction. Lancet1992, 339:753–770. This large-scale clinical trial in patients with suspected AMI compared streptokinase, rt-PA and APSAC and found no differences in mortality between the treatments. As with GISSI-2, the results of ISIS-3 have been criticized because the early administration of intravenous heparin with rt-PA was omitted.
31.
SherrySMarderVJ: Streptokinse and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) are equally effective in treating acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med1991, 114:417–423. A stimulating discussion of the merits and flaws of the two most widely used thrombolytic agents.
32.
MonradES: Thrombolysis: The need for a critical review. J. Am Coll Cardiol1991, 8:1573–1578. A critique of the reactions to the results of GISSI-2 and ISIS-3. The author writes, ‘In a reversal of traditional scientific method, the study, rather than the unconfirmed hypothesis, has been rejected.’.
33.
SherryS: Unresolved clinical pharmacologic questions in thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol1988, 12:519–525. An ardent critic of the use of rt-PA after AMI discusses the data and dominant conceptions of the time.
34.
HoffmanJJMLBonnierJJRMMelmanPGBartholomeusI: Blood viscosity during thrombolytic therapy with anistreplase in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1993, 71:14–18.
35.
PrinsMHHirshJ: Heparin as an adjunctive treatment after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1991, 67 (suppl A):3A–11A. A thorough discussion of the role of heparin as an adjunct to coronary thrombolysis, which includes a critique of the GISSI-2 and ISIS-3 protocols.
36.
SobelBECollenD: Questions unresolved by the Third International Study of Infarct Survival. Am J Cardiol1992, 70:385–389. Perhaps the strongest attack on the protocol and results of ISIS-3, made by two of the best investigators involved with rt-PA.
37.
DelantyNFitzgeraldDJ: Subcutaneous heparin during coronary thrombolysis. Too little, too late. Circulation1992, 86:1636–1638.
38.
GoldhaberSZ: Conjunctive heparin therapy. Limitations of subcutaneous administration. Circulation1992, 86:1639–1641.
39.
The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators: The effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase or both on coronary artery patency, ventricular function and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1993, 329:1615–1622. A huge angiographic companion study to the GUSTO trial showing that more rapid and more complete patency of the IRA were responsible for the effectiveness of accelerated rt-PA.
40.
NeuhausKLFevereWJeep-TebbeSNiedererWCogtATebbeU: Improved thrombolysis with a modified dose regimen of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Am Coll Cardiol1989, 14:1566–1569. An important study that proposed the use of the accelerated rt-PA regimen subsequently tested in the GUSTO study.
41.
KaragounisLSorensenSGMenloveRLMorenoFAndersonJL, For the TEAM-2 Investigators: Does Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) perfusion grade 2 represent a mostly occluded artery? Enzymatic and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-2 study. J Am Coll Cardiol1992, 19:1–10. The authors highlight the almost exclusive importance of TIMI grade 3 reperfusion in AMI.
42.
AndersonJLKaragounisLABeckerLCSorensenSGMenloveRL, For the TEAM-3 Investigators: TIMI perfusion grade 3 but not grade 2 results in improved outcome after thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Circulation1993, 87:1829–1839. A worthwhile contribution to the concept that only TIMI grade 3 restoration of the patency of the IRA is important.
43.
FusterV: Coronary thrombolysis – a perspective for the practicing physician. N Engl J Med1993, 329:723–725. An authoritative editorial noting the importance of the results of the GUSTO trial but also pointing out some limitations of the widespread use of accelerated rt-PA.
44.
RidkerPMO'DonnelCMarderVJHennekensCH: Largescale trials of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: GISSI-2, ISIS-3 and GUSTO-1. Ann Intern Med1993, 119:530–532. A review of the most recent megatrials of thrombolysis in AMI, which provides a rational basis from which to determine the best allocation of patient care and resources.
45.
EMERAS (Estudio Multicéntrico Estreptoquinasa Republicas de América del Sur) Collaborative Group: Randomized trial of late thrombolysis in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet1993, 342:767–772. A worthwhile contribution to the accumulating evidence that thrombolysis administered between 6 and 12 h after the onset of symptoms is beneficial in patients with AMI.
46.
LATE Study Group: Late Assessment of Thrombolytic Efficacy (LATE) study with alteplase 6–24 hours after onset of acute myocardial infarction. Lancet1993, 342:759–766. A definitive study that argues for the extension of the time-window for thrombolysis up to at least 12 h after the onset of AMI.
47.
Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group: Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: Collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomized trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet1994, 343:311–322. A major contribution in support of the concept that thrombolytic treatment of AMI should be administered to a much wider range of patients than it is at present.
48.
WhiteHD: Thrombolytic therapy for patients with myocardial infarction presenting after six hours. Lancet1992, 340:221–222.
49.
BeckerRC: Late thrombolytic therapy: Mechanism of benefit and potential risk among patients treated beyond 6 hours. Coron Artery Dis1993, 4:293–304.
50.
WhiteHDCrossDBElliottJMNorrisRMYeeTW: Long-term prognostic importance of patency of the infarct-related coronary artery after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation1994, 89:61–67.
51.
AmbroseJA: The open artery: Beyond myocardial salvage. Am J Cardiol1993, 72 (suppl G):85G–90G.
52.
HarrisonJKCaliffRMWoodliefLHKereiakesDGeorgeBSStackRS, And the TAMI Study Group: Systolic left ventricular function after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. An analysis of determinants of improvement. Circulation1993, 87:1531–1541.
53.
ItoHYuHTomookaTMasuyamaTAburayaMSakaiN: Incidence and time course of left ventricular dilation in the early convalescent stage of reperfused anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1994, 73:539–543.
54.
RobertsH: Noninvasive detection of recanalization. Overview. Coron Artery Dis1992, 4:447–449.
55.
AndersonHVWillersonJT: Early diagnosis of recanalization: The need to know. Coron Artery Dis1992, 3:450–460.
56.
TIMI Research Group: Immediate vs delayed catheterization and thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. TIMI IIA results. JAMA1988, 260:2849–2858. The authors found that immediate systematic coronary angioplasty (rt-PA) had no advantage over the same procedure performed 18–48 h later.
57.
TopolEJCaliffRMGeorgeBSKereiakesDJAbbottsmithCWCandelaRJ, And the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. A randomized trial of immediate versus delayed elective angioplasty after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1987, 347:581–588. The authors failed to find an advantage of immediate systematic coronary angioplasty (rt-PA) over the same procedure performed 7–10 days later.
58.
SimoonsMLBetriuAColJVon EssenRLubsenJMitchelPL, For the European Cooperative Study Group for recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA): Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: No additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Lancet1988, i:197–203. The results of this study show that immediate systematic coronary angioplasty after thrombolysis (rt-PA) was of no greater benefit than conservative procedures (angiography only when clinically needed).
59.
The TIMI Study Group: Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase II trial. N Engl J Med1989, 320:618–627. Systematic coronary angioplasty performed 18–48 h after thrombolysis (rt-PA) was found to be no better than a conservative strategy. Early intravenous beta blockade appeared to be beneficial as an adjunct to thrombolysis.
60.
SWIFT: SWIFT trial of delayed elective intervention versus conservative treatment after thrombolysis with anistreplase in acute myocardial infarction. BMJ1991, 302:555–560. A study similar in design and results to TIMI-II but using APSAC as the thrombolytic agent.
61.
OzbekCDyckmansJSemiSSchiefferH, And the SIAM Study Group: Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Results of a randomized trial (SIAM) [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol1990, 15:63A. A study with a design and results similar to those of TIMI-II and SWIFT but using streptokinase as the thrombolytic agent.
62.
BarbashGIHodHModanMMillerHIRathSZahavYH: Randomized controlled trial of late in-hospital angiography and angioplasty versus conservative management after treatment with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1990, 66:538–545. Late in-hospital systematic coronary angioplasty after thrombolysis with rt-PA was no more effective in reducing mortality than a conservative strategy.
63.
EllisSGMooneyMRGeorgeBSRibeiroMDASilvaEETalleyJD, For the Treatment of Post-Thrombolytic Stenosis (TOPS) Study Group: Randomized trial of late elective angioplasty versus conservative management for patients with residual stenosis after thrombolytic treatment of myocardial infarction. Circulation1992, 86:1400–1406.
64.
RogersWJBairnDSGoreJMBrownBGRobertsRWilliamsDO, For the TIMI IIA Investigators: Comparison of immediate invasive, delayed invasive, and conservative strategies after tissue-type plasminogen activator. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase IIA trial. Circulation1990, 81:1457–1476.
65.
CaliffRMRopelEJGeorgeBSKereiakesDJAronsonLGLeeKL, And the TAMI Study Group: One-year outcome after therapy with tissue plasminogen activator: Report from the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction trial. Am Heart J1990, 119:777–782.
66.
ArnoldAERSimoonsMLVan de WerfFDe BonoDPLubsenJTijssenJGP, For the European Cooperative Study Group: Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator and immediate angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. One-year follow-up. Circulation1992, 86:111–120.
67.
WilliamsDOBraunwaldEKnatterudGBabbJBresnahanJGreenbergMA, And the TIMI Investigators: One-Year results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase II trial. Circulation1992, 85:533–542.
68.
CaliffRMGrangerC: TIMI IIB follow-up. Lessons for clinicians and investigators. Circulation1992, 85:839–841.
69.
AbbottsmithCWTopolEJGeorgeBSStackRSKereiakesDJHCandelaRJ: Fate of patients with acute myocardial infarction with patency of the infarct-related vessel achieved with successful thrombolysis versus rescue angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol1990, 6:770–778.
70.
CaliffRMTopolEJStackRSEllisSGGeorgeBSKereiakesDJH, For the TAMI Study Group: Evaluation of combination thrombolytic therapy and timing of cardiac catheterization in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction phase 5 randomized trial. Circulation1991, 83:1543–1556.
71.
EllisSGVan de WerfFRibeiro da SilvaETopolEJ: Present status of rescue coronary angioplasty: Current polarization of opinion and randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol1992, 19:681–686.
72.
HartzlerGORutherfordBD: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Application for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1985, 53 (suppl C):117C–121C.
73.
O'NeillWWTopolEJFungABourdillonPDVNicklasJMWaltonJM: Coronary angioplasty as therapy for acute myocardial infarction: University of Michigan experience. Circulation1987, 76 (suppl II):1179–1187.
74.
MarcoJCasterLSzatmaryLJFajadetJ: Emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty without thrombolysis as initial therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol1987, 15:55–63.
75.
HimbertDJuliardJMStegGBadaouiGBaleynaudSLe GuludecD: Primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with contraindications to thrombolysis. Am J Cardiol1993, 71:377–381.
76.
GrinesCLBrowneKFMarcoJRothbaumDStoneGWO'KeefeJ, For the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group: A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1993, 328:673–679. The authors found that primary coronary angioplasty was no more effective than thrombolysis with rt-PA in the treatment of patients with AMI.
77.
ZijlstraFDe BoerMJHoorntjeJCAReiffersSReiberJHCSuryapranataH: A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1993, 328:680–684.
78.
GibbonsRJHolmesDRReederGSBaileyKRHopfenspringerMRGershBJ, For the Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups: Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1993, 328:685–691. The authors found no advantage of primary coronary angioplasty over thrombolysis with rt-PA in patients with AMI.
79.
RibeiroEESilvaLACarneiroRD'OliveiraLGGasquezAAminoJG: Randomized trial of direct coronary angioplasty versus intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol1993, 22:376–380.
80.
LangeRAHillisLD: Immediate angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1993, 328:726–728.
81.
GrechEDRansdaleDR: Angioplasty and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet1993, 342:191–192.
82.
BeckerRC: Thrombin antagonists and antiplatelets agents. Am J Cardiol1992, 69 (suppl A):39A–51A.
83.
CannonCPMcCabeCHHenryTDSchweigerMJGibsonRSMuellerHS, for the TIMI 5 Investigators: A pilot study of recombinant desulfatohirudin compared with heparin in conjunction with tissue-type plasminogen activator and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction: Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 5 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol1994, 23:993–1003.
84.
AmbroseJA: Prognostic implications of lesion irregularity on coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol1991, 18:675–676.
85.
KatzDR: The culprit coronary artery lesion. Curr Opin Lipidol1992, 2:257–262.
86.
JohnstonTSWengerNK: Risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Curr Opin Cardiol1993, 3:621–628.
87.
SabiaPJPowersFRRogostaM: An association between collateral flow and myocardial viability in patients with recent myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1992, 327:1825–1831.
88.
MoliternoDJLangeALWillardJEBoehrerJDHillisLD: Does restoration of anterograde flow in the infarct-related coronary artery days to weeks after myocardial infarction improve long-term survival? Coron Artery Dis1992, 3:299–304.
89.
MoliternoDJLangeRAWillardJEBoehrerJDHillisLD: Surgical restoration of anterograde flow in the occluded infarct artery improves long-term survival in patients with multivessel artery disease. Coron Artery Dis1993, 4:995–999.
90.
HirayamaATakayoshiAShinjiAMasayoshiMNantoSKusuokaH: Late reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction limits the dilatation of the left ventricle without the reduction of infarct size. Circulation1993, 88:2565–2574.
91.
MullerDWMTopolEJ: Thrombolytic therapy: Adjuvant mechanical intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1992, 69 (suppl A):60A–70A.
92.
BodenheimerMM: Risk stratification in coronary disease: A contrary viewpoint. Ann Intern Med1992, 116:927–936.
93.
VolpiACavalliATavazziL: Risk stratification after myocardial infarction. J Myocardial Ischemia1993, 5:35–57.
94.
KlonerRA: Coronary angioplasty: A treatment option for left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol1992, 30:314–316.
