As the population ages dementia is affecting an increasingly large proportion of society. The distinction between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia is becoming increasingly blurred and it has been suggested that cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension may have an impact upon both diseases.
SmallGW.Treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Current approaches and promising developments. Am J Med1998; 104 (4A):32S–38S.
2.
RigaudASSeuxMLStaessenJABirkenhägerWHForetteF.Cerebral complications of hypertension. J Hum Hypertension2000; 14:605–616.
3.
Barberger-GateauPFabrigouleC.Disability and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Disability and Rehabilitation1997; 19 (5):175–193.
4.
GinnsS.Research directions in Alzheimer's disease. In NewtonG (editor): Wellcome news Supplement 2: London: The Wellcome Trust; 1998.
5.
The task force on diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disordersFourth Edition. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
6.
BirgeSJ.The role of estrogen in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology1997; 48 (S7):36–41.
7.
HanssonL.Antihypertensive treatment and the prevention of dementia: Further insights from the Syst-Eur trial. J Hypertens1999; 17:307–308.
8.
SparksDScheffSLiuHLandersTCoyneCHunsackerJ.Increased incidence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in non-demented individuals with hypertension. J Neurolog Sci1995; 131:162–169.
9.
SnowdonDAGreinerLHMortimerJARileyKPGreinerPAMarkesberyWR.Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: The NUN study. JAMA1997; 277:813–817.
10.
EllisRJOlichneyJMThalLJMirraSSMorrisJCBeeklyBSCerebral amyloid angiopathy in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease: The CERAD experience, part XV. Neurology1996; 46:1592–1596.
11.
TatemichiTKPaikMBagiellaEDesmondDWSternYSanoMRisk of dementia after stroke in a hospitalised cohort: Results of a longitudinal study. Neurology1994; 44:1885–1891.
12.
Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS).Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multi-centre community-based population in England and Wales. Lancet2001; 357:169–175.
13.
StarrJMWhalleyLJInchSSheringPA.Blood pressure and cognitive function in otherwise healthy old people. J Am Geriat Soc1993; 41:753–756.
14.
JormAF.Disability in dementia: Assessment, prevention, and rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation1994; 16:98–109.
15.
KuuistoJKoivistoKMykkänenLHelkalaELVanhanenMHänninenTEssential hypertension and cognitive function. Hypertension1992; 22:771–779.
16.
BattersbyCHartleyKFletcherAMarkoweHBrownRStylesWCognitive function in hypertension: A community based study. J Hum Hypertens1993; 7:117–123.
17.
EliasMFWolfPAD'AgostinoRBCobbJWhiteLR.Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: The Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol1993; 138:353–364.
18.
LaunerLJMasakiKPetrovitchHFoleyDHavlikRJ.The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. JAMA1995; 274:1846–1851.
19.
KuusistoJKoivistoKMykkänenLHelkalaELVanhanenMHänninenTAssociation between features of insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independantly of apolioprotein E4 phenotype: Cross sectional population based study. BMJ1997; 315:1045–1049.
20.
KilanderLNymanHBobergMHanssonLLithellH.Hypertension is related to cognitive impairment. A 20-year follow-up of 999 men. Hypertension1998; 31:780–786.
21.
ForetteFSeuxMLStaessenJALutgardeTBirkenhägerWHBabarskieneMRPrevention of dementia in a randomised double blind placebo controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet1998; 352:1347–1351.
22.
PahorMSomesGWFranseLVShorrRIApplegateWB.Prevention of dementia. Lancet1999; 353:235.
23.
ForetteFStaessenJALutgardeTBirkenhagerWH.Prevention of dementia. Lancet1999; 353:236–237.
24.
SHEP cooperative research group.Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated hypertension. JAMA1991; 265:3255–3264.
25.
PrinceMJBirdASBlizardRAMannAH.Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. BMJ1992; 312:801–804.
26.
JorgeCAPrinceMJoelsSLovestoneSMannA.Long-term predictors of cognitive outcome in a cohort of older people with hypertension. Br J Psychiatry2000; 177:66–71.
27.
GuoZViitanenMFratiglioniLWinbladB.Low blood pressure and dementia in elderly people: The Kungsholmen project. BMJ; 312: 805–312.
28.
SkoogILernfeltBLandahlSPalmertzBAndreassonLANilssonLFifteen year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet; 347: 1141–1145.
29.
BulpittCFletcherABeckettNCoopeJGil-ExtrameraBForetteFHypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET) Protocol for the Main Trial. Drugs & Ageing2001; 18:151–164.
30.
HanssonLLithellHSkoogIBaroFBánkiCMBretelerMStudy on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE): Baseline characteristics. Blood Press2000; 9:146–151.
31.
HamdyRCHudginsLBComptonR.Management of hypertension in older patients. Southern Med J1993; 86:2S1–2S6.
32.
KarioKPickeringTG.Calcium antagonist and the prevention on dementia in elderly people. Lancet; 353: 1184.
33.
O'BrienABulpittC.The effects of ACE inhibitors on cognitive function. Drugs & Aging1995; 6:173–180.
34.
JickHZornbergGLJickSSSeshadriSDrachmanDA.Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet2000; 356:1627–1631.
