This article examines the relationships that link student experience in schools,
student outcomes, the nature of society and school leadership process. Each of these
areas of study has its own literature and this article does no more than indicate
where some of that may be read. The linking of these phenomena indicates a tight
relationship, which militates against change and explains a very conservative,
internally consistent, cycle. The cycle may reinforce characteristics of society
that are unwelcome: for instance, the low turnout at elections and a perceived lack
of other citizenship traits. A premise of this article is that we should seek to
create a society in which citizens feel responsible for the strategic determination
of policy, whether about relations with other states or about the culture within the
UK. Change will require actors at some stage in the cycle to break away from the
tight relationship with the other phenomena. Those who are responsible for the
professional development of educational leaders are uniquely situated to put a spoke
into the cycle.
Apple, M.
and
Beane, J.
, eds (1998) Democratic Schools: Lessons from the Chalk
Face.
Buckingham: Open University Press
.
2.
Arnot, M.
,
Reay, D.et al.
(2001) Pupil Consultation and the Social Conditions of
Learning: Race, Class and Gender.
Seattle: American Educational Research Association
.
3.
Avery, P.
and
Freeman, C.
(2002) Developing Authentic Instruction in the Social
Studies.
New Orleans: American Educational Research Association
.
4.
Birkett, D.
(2001)
‘Future Perfect’
, Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianeducation/story/0,3605,501385,00.html.
5.
Black, P.
and
Wiliam, D.
(1998)
‘Assessment and Classroom Learning’
, Assessment in Education5(1):
7-74
.
6.
Bush, T.
(2002) Leadership and Management Development in Education: An
International Perspective.
New Orleans: American Educational Research Association
.
7.
Bush, T.
and
Jackson, D.
(2002)
‘A Preparation for School Leadership’
, Educational Management & Administration30(4):
417-427
.
8.
Cohen, P.
,
Kulik, J.
and
Kulik, C.-L.
(1982)
‘Educational Outcomes of Tutoring: A Meta-Analysis of Findings’
, American Educational Research Journal19(2):
237-248
.
9.
Cotton, K.
(1996) ‘School Size, School Climate, and Student
Performance’, NW Regional Educational Laboratory: http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/10/c020.html.
10.
Darling-Hammond, L.
,
Ancess, J.
and
Ort, S.
(2002)
‘Reinventing High School: Outcomes of the Coalition Campus
Schools Project’
, American Educational Research Journal39(3):
639-673
.
11.
Davies, L.
(2002) Pupil Voice and the Quality of Teaching and
Learning.
Exeter: British Educational Research Association
.
12.
Dimmock, C.
(2003) ‘Leadership in Learning-Centred Schools:
Cultural Context, Functions and Qualities’, in
R. Smith
(ed.) Leadership in Education.
London: SAGE
.
13.
Doddington, C.
,
Flutter, J.
and
Rudduck, J.
(2000)
‘Taking their Word for it: Can Listening, and Responding, to
Pupil’s Views Give New Directions for School Improvement?’
, Education (3-13 Oct.).
14.
Fitz-Gibbon, C.T.
(2000) ‘Cross-Age Tutoring: Should it be
Required in order to Reduce Social Exclusion?’, in
G. Walraven
,
C. Parsons
,
D. vanVeen
and
C. Day
(eds) Combating Social Exclusion through Education: Laissez-Faire,
Authoritarianism or Third Way?, pp. 307-315.
Leuven: Garant
.
15.
Flecknoe, M.
(2001)
‘Adding Value to Sixth Formers’ Education’
, Management in Education15(4):
16-18
.
16.
Flecknoe, M.
(2002a)
‘Democracy, Citizenship and School Improvement: What Can one
School Tell us?’
, School Leadership and Management22(4):
421-438
.
17.
Flecknoe, M.
(2002b)
‘How ICT Can Help us to Improve Education’
, Improving Teaching and Education International39(4):
271-279
.
18.
Flecknoe, M.
(2003a) Pupil Agency in Directing Learning.
Perth: Scottish Educational Research Association
.
19.
Flecknoe, M.
(2003b) Small Schools; Please Can we Have Some More, Sir?Perth: Scottish Educational Research Association
.
20.
Furman, G.
and
Starratt, R.
(2002) ‘Leadership for Democratic Community in
Schools’, in
J. Murphy
(ed.) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining Leadership for
the 21st Century, pp. 105-133.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
21.
Gajda, R.
(2002) School Shooting Case Studies: Lessons in Prevention,
Response and Long-Term Resolution.
New Orleans: American Educational Research Association
.
22.
Gandin, L.A.
and
Apple, M.
(2002)
‘Challenging Neo-Liberalism, Building Democracy: Creating the
Citizen School in Porto Alegre, Brazil’
, Journal of Educational Policy17(2):
259-279
.
23.
Gewirtz, S.
(1998)
‘Can All Schools be Successful? An Exploration of the
Determinants of Success’
, Oxford Review of Education24(4):
439-457
.
24.
Gewirtz, S.
(2002) The Managerial School: Post-Welfarism and Social
Justice in Education.
London: Routledge
.
25.
Glickman, C.
(1998)
‘Educational Leadership for Democratic Purposes: What do we Mean?’
, International Journal of Leadership in Education1(1):
47-53
.
26.
Hallinger, P.
and
Heck, R.
(1999) ‘Can Leadership Enhance School
Effectiveness?’, in
T. Bush
(ed.) Redefining Educational Leadership and Management.
London: SAGE
.
27.
Harber, C.
and
Davies, L.
(2003) ‘Effective Leadership for War and
Peace’, in
R. Smith
(ed.) Leadership in Education.
London: SAGE
.
28.
Hargreaves, D.H.
(2001)
‘A Capital Theory of School Effectiveness and Improvement’
, British Educational Research Journal27(4):
487-503
.
29.
Harris, A.
and
Muijs, D.
(2002) ‘Teacher Leadership: A Review of
Research’, General Teaching Council: http://www.gtce.org.uk/pdfs/teacher%2520leadership.pdf.
30.
Harwood, D.
(2001)
‘The Teacher’s Role in Democratic Pedagogies in UK
Primary and Secondary Schools: A Review of Ideas and Research’
, Research Papers in Education16(3):
293-319
.
31.
HMI
(2002a) Citizenship: Survey Report. Preparation for the
Introduction of Citizenship in Secondary Schools 2001-2002.
London: HMCI
.
Illeris, K.
(1992)
‘The Significance of Educational Strategies’
, British Educational Research Journal18(1):
17-23
.
34.
Joyce, B.
,
Calhoun, E.
and
Hopkins, D.
(1999) The New Structure of School Improvement: Inquiring
Schools and Achieving Students.
Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press
.
35.
Kirkby, P.
(2001)
‘Participatory Research in Schools’
, Forum43(2).
36.
Kochan, F.
,
Bredeson, P.
and
Riehl, C.
(2002) ‘Rethinking the Professional Development
of School Leaders’, in
J. Murphy
(ed.) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining Leadership for
the 21st Century, pp. 289-306.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
37.
Kubow, P.
,
Grossman, D.
and
Ninomiya, A.
(1998) ‘Mulitdimensional Citizenship:
Educational Policy for the 21st Century’, in
J. Cogan
and
R. Derricott
(eds) Citizenship Education for the 21st Century.
London: Kogan Page
.
38.
Landau, B.M.
and
Gathercoal, P.
(2000)
‘Creating Peaceful Classrooms’
, Phi Delta Kappan81(6):
450-454
.
39.
Larson, C.
and
Murtadha, K.
(2002) ‘Leadership for Social
Justice’, in
J. Murphy
(ed.) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining Leadership for
the 21st Century, pp. 134-161.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
40.
Lederach, J.P.
(1997) Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided
Societies.
Washington, DC: United States Institute of
Peace Press
.
41.
Leithwood, K.
(2003) ‘Teacher Leadership: Its Nature,
Development, and Impact on Schools and Students’, in
R. Smith
(ed.) Leadership in Education.
London: SAGE
.
42.
Leithwood, K.
and
Prestine, N.
(2002) ‘Unpacking the Challenges of Leadership
at the School and District Level’, in
J. Murphy
(ed.) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining Leadership for
the 21st Century, pp. 42-64.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
43.
Levin, H.
and
Kelley, C.
(1997) ‘Can Education Do it
Alone?’, in
A. Halsey
,
H. Lauder
,
P. Brown
and
S. Amy
(eds) Education, Culture, Economy, Society, pp.
240-251.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
44.
MacBeath, J.
and
McGlynn, A.
(2002) Self-Evaluation: What’s in it for Schools?London: Routledge/Falmer
.
45.
MacBeath, J.
,
Schratz, M.
,
Meuret, D.
and
Jakobson, L.
(2000) Self-Evaluation in European Schools: A Story of
Change.
London: Routledge/Falmer
.
46.
MacBeath, J.
,
Sugimine, H.
,
Sutherland, G.
,
Nishimura, M.
and
Students of the Learning School
(2003) Self-Evaluation in the Global Classroom.
London: Routledge/Falmer
.
47.
McCall, J.et al.
(2001) ‘Views of Pupils, Parents and Teachers:
Vital Indicators of Effectiveness and for Improvement’, in
J. MacBeath
and
P. Mortimore
(eds) Improving School Effectiveness, pp.
74-102.
Buckingham: Open University Press
.
48.
McCallum, B.
,
Hargreaves, E.
and
Gipps, C.
(2000)
‘Learning: The Pupil’s Voice’
, Cambridge Journal of Education30(2):
275-289
.
49.
McCowan, T.
(2003)
‘Participation and Education in the Landless People’s
Movement of Brazil’
, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies1(1): electronic only.
50.
Max-Neef, M.
(1991) Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and
Further Reflections.
New York: Apex Press
.
51.
Morgan, C.
and
Morris, G.
(1999) Good Teaching and Learning: Pupils and Teachers
Speak.
Buckingham: Open University Press
.
52.
Mortimore, P.
,
Sammons, P.
,
Stoll, L.
,
Lewis, D.
and
Ecob, R.
(1988) School Matters: The Junior Years.
London: Paul Chapman Education
.
53.
Murphy, J.
, ed. (2002) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining
Leadership for the 21st Century.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
54.
Pounder, D.
,
Reitzug, U.
and
Young, M.
(2002) ‘Recasting the Development of School
Leaders’, in
J. Murphy
(ed.) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining Leadership for
the 21st Century.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
55.
Print, M.
and
Coleman, D.
(2003)
‘Towards Understanding of Social Capital and Citizenship Education’
, Cambridge Journal of Education33(1):
123-149
.
56.
Pupils at Wheatcroft School
(2001)
‘Working as a Team: Children and Teachers Learning from Each Other’
, Forum43(2).
57.
Reay, D.
and
Arnot, M.
(2002) Social Inclusion, Gender, Class and Community in
Secondary Schooling.
Exeter: British Educational Research Association
.
58.
Rosenberg, M.
(2002) Nonviolent Communication: A Language of
Compassion.
Encinitas, CA: PuddleDancer Press
.
59.
Rudduck, J.
,
Chaplin, R.
and
Wallace, G.
(1996) School Improvement: What Can Pupils Tell us?London: David Fulton Publishers
.
60.
Rudduck, J.
,
Arnot, M.
,
Reay
, and
Lanskey, C.
(2002) Student Consultation, Community and the Democratic
Tradition.
New Orleans: American Educational Research Association
.
61.
Sacks, J.
(2002) The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of
Civilizations.
London: Continuum
.
62.
Schumac:her, E.
(1973) Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People
Mattered.
New York: Harper & Row
.
63.
Senge, P.et al.
(2000) Schools that Learn: A Fifth Discipline Fieldbook for
Educators, Parents and Everyone who Cares about Education.
London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing
.
64.
Sergiovanni, T.J.
(2001) Leadership: What’s in it for Schools?London: Routledge Falmer
.
65.
Smylie, M.
,
Conley, S.
and
Marks, H.
(2002) ‘Reshaping Leadership in
Action’, in
J. Murphy
(ed.) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining Leadership for
the 21st Century, pp. 162-188.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
66.
Spillane, J.
and
Seashore-Louis, K.
(2002) ‘School Improvement Processes and
Practices: Professional Learning for Building Instructional
Capacity’, in
J. Murphy
(ed.) The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining Leadership for
the 21st Century, pp. 83-104.
Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education
.
67.
Starratt, R.
(1996) ‘Community as
Curriculum’, in
K. Leithwood
(ed.) International Handbook on Educational Leadership and
Administration.
Amsterdam: Kluwer
.
68.
Starratt, R.
(2001)
‘Democratic Leadership Theory in Late Modernity: An Oxymoron or
Ironic Possibility?’
, International Journal of Leadership in Education14(4):
333-352
.
69.
Wells, A.
,
Slayton, J.
and
Scott, J.
(2002)
‘Defining Democracy in the Neoliberal Age: Charter School Reform
and Educational Consumption’
, Amercian Educational Research Journal39(2):
337-361
.
