The tumor marker CA 125 was initially thought to be specific for ovarian malignancies. Subsequently it was found to be raised in a variety of benign conditions, including pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, tuberculosis and cirrhosis of the liver. With respect to gynecological tumors, CA 125 may be elevated in benign ovarian cysts, tubo-ovarian abscess, endometriosis, hyperstimulation syndrome, ectopic pregnancy and fibroids. These results demonstrate that CA 125 is a marker of non-specific peritoneal conditions.
AlagozT., BullerR.E., BermanM., AndersonB., ManettaA., DiSaiaP.What is a normal CA 125 level?Gynecol Oncol1994; 53: 93–7.
2.
BarbieriR.L., NiloffJ.M., BastR.C., SchaetzlE., KistnerR.W., KnappR.C.Elevated serum concentrations of CA 125 in patients with advanced endometriosis.Fertil Steril1986; 45: 630–4.
3.
BastR.C., FeeneyM., LazarusH., NadlerL.M., ColvinR., KnappR.C.Reactivity of a monoclonal antibody with human ovarian carcinoma.J Clin Invest1981; 68: 1331–7.
4.
BastR.C., KlugT.L., JohnE.S.A radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal antibody to monitor the course of epithelial ovarian cancer.N Engl J Med1983; 309: 883–7.
5.
BischofP., GalfettiM.A., SeydouxJ., von HospenthalJ.U., CampanaA.Peripheral CA 125 levels in patients with uterine fibroids.Hum Reprod1992; 7(1): 35–8.
6.
BischofP.What do we know about the origin of CA 125?Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol1993; 49: 93–8.
7.
BrioschiP.A., IrionO., BischofP., BaderM., ForniM., KrauerF.Serum CA 125 in epithelial ovarian cancer. A longitudinal study.Br J Obstet Gynecol1987; 94: 196–201.
8.
BrumstedJ.R., MeadP.B., GibsonM.Serum concentration of protein CA 125 in women with pelvic inflammatory disease.Sex Transm Dis1988; 15(3): 144–7.
9.
CanneyP.A., MooreM., WilkinsonP.M., JamesR.D.Ovarian cancer antigen CA 125: A prospective clinical assessment of its role as a tumor marker.Br J Cancer1984; 50: 765–9.
10.
ClementM., BischofP., GroffatC.Clinical validation of the new ELISA CA 125 II assay: Report of a European multicenter evaluation.Int J Cancer1995; 60: 199–203.
11.
DawoodM.Y., Khan-DawoodF.S., RamnosJ.Plasma and peritoneal fluid levels of CA 125 in women with endometriosis.Am J Obstet Gynecol1988; 159: 1526–31.
12.
Di XiaC., SchwartzP.E., XinguoL., ZhanY.Evaluation of CA 125 levels in differentiating malignant from benign tumors in patients with pelvic masses.Obstet Gynecol1988; 72: 23–7.
13.
DukJ.M., AaldersJ.G., FleurenG.J., de BruijnH.W.A.CA 125: A useful marker in endometrial carcinoma.Am J Obstet Gynecol1986; 155: 1097–102.
14.
DukJ.M., KauerF.M., FleurenG.J., de BruijnH.W.Serum CA 125 levels in patients with a provisional diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease. Clinical and theoretical implications.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand1989; 68(7): 637–41.
FederleL., ArcainiL., VercelliniP., BianchiS., CanadianiG.B.Serum CA 125 measurements in the diagnosis of endometriosis recurrence.Obstet Gynecol1988; 72: 19–22.
17.
GiudiceL.C., JacobsA., PinedaJ., BellC.E., LippmanL.Serum levels of CA 125 in patients with endometriosis: A preliminary report.Fertil Steril1986; 45: 876–8.
18.
HalilaH., StenmanU.H., SeppalaM.Ovarian cancer antigen CA 125 levels in pelvic inflammatory disease and pregnancy.Cancer1986; 57(7): 1327–9.
19.
HiroseT., OhtaS., SatoI.Tuberculous pleuro-peritonitis showing increased levels of CA 125.Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zassi1997; 35(2): 196–200.
20.
HornsteinM.D., ThomasP.P., GleasonR.E., BarbieriR.L.Menstrual cyclicity of CA 125 in patients with endometriosis.Fertil Steril1992; 58: 279–83.
21.
HornsteinM.D., GoodmanH.M., ThomasP.P., KnappR.C., HarlowB.L.Use of a second-generation CA 125 assay in gynecologic patients.Gynecol Obstet Invest1996; 42: 196–200.
22.
JägerW., MeierC., WildtL., SauerbreiW., LangN.CA 125 serum levels during the menstrual cycle.Fertil Steril1988; 50(2): 223–7.
23.
KabawatS.E., BastR.C., WelchW.R., KnappR.C., ColvinR.C.Immunopathologic characterization of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes common surface antigens of human ovarian tumors of serous, endometrioid, and clear cell types.Am J Clin Pathol1983; 79: 98–104.
24.
KohlerG., MilsteinC.Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.Nature1975; 256(5517): 495–7.
25.
KreienbergR.Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Tumormarkeruntersuchungen in der Nachsorge bei Ovarialkarzinompatientinnen.Gynäkologie1986; 19: 178–85.
26.
MacriC.I., ValisevS.A.Highly elevated CA 125 and tubo-ovarian abscess mimicking ovarian carcinoma.Gynecol Obstet Invest1994; 37: 143–4.
27.
MalkasianG.D., KnappR.C., LavinP.T.Preoperative evaluation of serum CA 125 levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with pelvic masses: discrimination of benign from malignant disease.Am J Obstet Gynecol1988; 159(2): 341–6.
28.
MasahashiT., MatsuzawaM., OhsawaO., NaritaO., AsaiT., IshiharaM.Serum CA 125 levels in patients with endometriosis: Changes in the CA 125 levels during menstruation.Obstet Gynecol1988; 72: 328–31.
29.
MastropaoloW., FernandezZ., MillerE.L.Pronounced increase in the concentration of an ovarian tumor marker, CA 125, in serum of healthy subjects during menstruation.Clin Chem1986; 32: 2110–1.
30.
MedenH., RathW., TeichmannA., KuhnW.Serum level of the tumor marker CA 125 before second-look laparotomy in primary epithelial ovarian cancer in relation to intraoperative findings.Onkologie1989; 12(5): 217–20.
31.
MenzinA.W., KobrinS., PollakE., GoodmanD.B., RubinS.C.The effect of renal function on serum levels of CA 125.Gynecol Oncol1995; 58(3): 375–7.
32.
MillerK.A., DeatonJ.L., PittawayD.E.Evaluation of serum CA 125 concentrations as predictors of pregnancy with human in vitro fertilization.Fertil Steril1996; 65(6): 1184–9.
33.
MirandaP., JacobsA.J., RoseffL.Pelvic tuberculosis presenting as an asymptomatic pelvic mass with rising serum CA 125 levels. A case report.J Reprod Med1996; 41(4): 273–5.
34.
MozasJ., CastillaJ.A., JimenaP., GilT., AcebalM., HerruzoA.J.Serum CA 125 in the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.Int J Gynaecol Obstet1994; 44(1): 53–7.
35.
MutoM.G., CramerD.W., BrownD.L.Screening for ovarian cancer: The preliminary experience of a familial ovarian cancer center.Gynecol Oncol1993; 51: 12–20.
36.
NiloffJ.M., KlugT.L., SchaetzlE., ZurawskiV.R., KnappR.C., BastR.C.Elevation of serum CA 125 in carcinomas of the fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix.Am J Obstet Gynecol1984; 148: 1057–8.
37.
NiloffJ.M., BastR.C., SchaetzlE.M., KnappR.C.Predictive value of CA 125 antigen levels in second-look procedures for ovarian cancer.Am J Obstet Gynecol1985; 151: 981–6.
38.
NiloffJ.M., KnappR.C., LavinP.T.The CA 125 assay as a predictor of clinical recurrence in epithelial ovarian cancer.Am J Obstet Gynecol1986; 155: 56–60.
39.
PaavonenJ., MiettinenA., HeinonenP.K.Serum CA 125 in acute pelvic inflammatory disease.Br J Obstet Gynecol1989; 96(10): 1250.
40.
PatsnerB., OrrJ.W., MannW.J., TaylorP.T., PartridgeD.E., AllmenT.Does serum CA 125 level prior to second-look laparotomy for invasive ovarian adenocarcinoma predict size of residual disease?Gynecol Oncol1990; 37: 319–22.
41.
PittawayD.E., FayezJ.A.The use of CA 125 in the diagnosis and management of endometriosis.Fertil Steril1986; 46: 790–5.
42.
PittawayD.E., FayezJ.A.Serum CA 125 levels increase during menses.Am J Obstet Gynecol1987; 156(1): 75–6.
43.
RicolleauG., ChatalJ.F., FumoleauP., KremerM., DouillardJ.Y., CurtetC.Radioimmunoassay of the CA 125 antigen in ovarian carcinomas: Advantages compared with CA 19-9 and CEA.Tumour Biol1984; 5(3–4): 151–9.
44.
RubinS.C., HoskinsW.J., HakesT.B.Serum CA 125 levels and surgical findings in patients undergoing secondary operations for epithelial cancer.Am J Obstet Gynecol1990; 160: 667–71.
45.
SadovskyY., PinedaJ., CollinsJ.L.Serum CA 125 levels in women with ectopic and intrauterine pregnancies.J Reprod Med1991; 36(12): 875–8.
46.
SchröckR., HafterR., SchmidL.Tumorassoziierte Antigene und Fibrinderivate als Reaktionsprodukte des Ovarialkarzinoms.Geburtsh Frauenheilk1986; 46: 1–10.
47.
SeveldaP., SalzerH., DittrichC.H., SponaJ.und die österreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Therapie des Ovarialkarzinoms. Die klinische Bedeutung des Tumormarkers CA 125 für die präoperative Diagnostik und die postoperative Nachbetreuung von Patientinnen mit malignen Ovarialtumoren.Geburtsh Frauenheilk1986; 45: 769–73.
48.
SimsekH., SavasM.C., KadayifciA., TatarG.Elevated serum CA 125 concentration in patients with tuberculous peritonitis: a case-control study.Am J Gastroenterol1997; 92(7): 1174–6.
49.
TimmermanD., MoermanP., VergoteI.Meigs’ syndrome with elevated serum CA 125 levels: Two case reports and review of the literature.Gynecol Oncol1995; 59(3): 405–8.
50.
WilkeG., HinneyB., RathW., HenzeC., WuttkeW., KuhnW.CA 125 serum levels in early pregnancy follow hMG/hCG stimulated and unstimulated cycles.Geburtsh Frauenheilk1992; 50(12): 941–6.