To analyze the expression of human kallikrein 14 (KLK14) in salivary gland tumors.
Methods
A standard immunoperoxidase staining technique was used to assess the expression profile of KLK14 in normal salivary glands and tumors including pleomorphic adenoma (PA; n=17), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC; n=13) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC; n=9). Tumor stage, grade, patient age and gender, and site of occurrence were recorded. These clinical parameters were correlated with KLK14 levels in malignant tumors. The expression profiles for KLK3, 5, 6, 8 and 13 were also retrieved.
Results
Normal salivary glands, PA, ACC and MEC showed strong expression of KLK14 in ductal and non-ductal cells. Both PA and ACC showed higher KLK14 levels than normal glands and MEC tissues. There were no statistically significant associations between levels of KLK14 and clinical parameters.
Conclusions
The differences in the levels of KLK14 suggest that KLKs may aid in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. The coexpression of KLKs suggests their possible involvement in an enzymatic pathway activated in salivary gland. KLK14 may be a promising new biomarker in salivary gland tumors.
EllisG.L., AuclairP.L., GneppD.R.Surgical pathology of the salivary glands.Philadelphia; Toronto: W.B. Saunders Company; 1991.
2.
AroK., LeivoI., MakitieA.A.Management and outcome of patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of major salivary gland origin: a single institution's 30-year experience.Laryngoscope2007; 118: 258–62.
3.
DaviesL., WelchH.G.Epidemiology of head and neck cancer in the United States.Otolaryng Head Neck2006; 135: 451–7.
4.
RamseyS.D., BerryK., MoinpourC.Quality of life in long term survivors of colorectal cancer.Am J Gastroenterol2002; 97: 1228–34.
5.
HammerlidE., TaftC.Health-related quality of life in long-term head and neck cancer survivors: a comparison with general population norms.Br J Cancer2001; 84: 149–56.
6.
GotayC.C., MuraokaM.Y.Quality of life in long-term survivors of adult-onset cancers.J Natl Cancer Inst1998; 90: 656–67.
7.
PaliourasM., BorgonoC., DiamandisE.P.Human tissue kallikreins: The cancer biomarker family.Cancer Lett2007; 249: 61–79.
8.
BorgonoC.A., DiamandisE.P.The emerging roles of human tissue kallikreins in cancer.Nat Rev Cancer2004; 4: 876–90.
9.
EmamiN., DiamandisE.P.New insights into the functional mechanisms and applications of the kallikrein-related peptidase family.Mol Oncol2007; 1: 269–87.
10.
BorgonoC.A., MichaelI.P., DiamandisE.P.Human tissue kallikreins: Physiologic roles and applications in cancer.Mol Cancer Res2004; 2: 257–80.
11.
PaliourasM., DiamandisE.P.The kallikrein world: an update on the human tissue kallikreins.Biol Chem2006; 387: 643–52.
12.
Ben-IzhakO., LasterZ., AraidyS., NaglerR.M.TUNEL - an efficient prognosis predictor of salivary malignancies.Br J Cancer2007; 96: 1101–6.
13.
NaglerR.M., KernerH., Ben-EliezerS., MinkovI., Ben-ItzhakO.Prognostic role of apoptopic, BCL-2, C-ERBB-2 and P53 tumour markers in salivary gland malignancies.Oncology2003; 64: 389–98.
EvesonJ.W., AuclairP., GneppD.R.Salivary gland tumours. In: BarnesL., EvesonJ.W., ReichartP., SidranskyD., eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours.Lyon: IARC Press2005; 209–82.
19.
EllisG.L., AuclairP.L.Atlas of tumor pathology. Tumors of the salivary glands.3rd ed.Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1996.
20.
AllredD.C., ClarkG.M., ElledgeR.Association of p53 protein expression with tumor
21.
cell proliferation rate and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer.J Natl Cancer Inst.1993; 85: 200–6.
22.
ShawJ.L., DiamandisE.P.Distribution of 15 human kallikreins in tissues and biological fluids.Clin Chem2007; 53: 1423–32.
23.
BorgonoC.A., MichaelI.P., ShawJ.L.Expression and functional characterization of the cancer-related serine protease, human tissue kallikrein 14.J Biol Chem2007; 282: 2405–22.
24.
HooperJ.D., BuiL.T., RaeF.K.Identification and characterization of KLK14, a novel kallikrein serine protease gene located on human chromosome 19q13.4 and expressed in prostate and skeletal muscle.Genomics2001; 73: 117–22.
25.
SinghJ., NaranA., MissoN.L., RigbyP.J., ThompsonP.J., BhoolaK.D.Expression of kallikrein-related peptidases (KRP/hK5, 7, 6, 8) in subtypes of human lung carcinoma.Int Immunopharmacol2008; 8: 300–6.
26.
KurlenderL., BorgonoC., MichaelI.P.A survey of alternative transcripts of human tissue kallikrein genes.Biochim Biophys Acta2005; 1755: 1–14.
27.
LundwallA., BandV., BlaberM.A comprehensive nomenclature for serine proteases with homology to tissue kallikreins.Biol Chem2006; 387: 637–41.
WebberM.M., WaghrayA., BelloD.Prostate-specific antigen, a serine protease, facilitates human prostate cancer cells invasion.Clin Cancer Res1995; 1: 1089–92.
30.
PetrakiC.D., PapanastasiouP.A., KaravanaV.N., DiamandisE.P.Cellular distribution of human tissue kallikreins: Immunohistochemical localization.Biol Chem2006; 387: 653–63.
31.
StameyT.A., YangN., HayA.R., McNealJ.E., FreihaF.S., RedwineE.Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.N Engl J Med1987; 317: 909–16.
32.
EmamiN., DiamandisE.P.Human tissue kallikreins: A road under construction.Clin Chim Acta2007; 381: 78–84.
33.
PetrakiC.D., GregorakisA.K., VaslamatzisM.M.Prognostic implications of the immunohistochemical expression of human kallikreins 5, 6, 10 and 11 in renal cell carcinoma.Tumour Biol2005; 27: 1–7.
34.
ShihI., SalaniR., FieglM.Ovarian cancer specific kallikrein profile in effusions.Gynecol Oncol2007; 105: 501–7.
35.
PrezasP., ArltM.J., VictorovP.Overexpression of the human tissue kallikrein genes KLK4, 5, 6, and 7 increases the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer cells.Biol Chem2006; 387: 807–11.
36.
PrezasP., ScorilasA., YfantiC.The role of human tissue kallikreins 7 and 8 in intracranial malignancies.Biol Chem2006; 387: 1607–12.
