Chronic Inflammatory HCV Hepatitis: Clinical Pictures and Immunopathogenesis

Berenguer M. Wright T.L. 1996. Hepatitis C. advances in gastroenterology. Hepatol. Clin. Nutr. 1:2.

Simmonds P. Holmes E.C. Cha T.A. 1993. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS5 region. J. Gen. Virol. 74:2391.

Conry-Cantilena C. Van Raden M. Gibble J. 1996. Routes of infection, viremia, and liver disease in blood donors found to have hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1691.

Alter H.J. 1992. The natural history of community acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1898.

Neuman A.V. Lam N.P. Dahan H. 1998. Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon therapy. Science 282:103.

Sagliocca Piazza M. L. Tosone G. 1997. Sexual transmission of the hepatitis C viral and efficacy of prophylaxis with intramuscular immune serum globulin. Arch. Intern. Med. 157:1537.

Kato N. 1992. Humoral immune response to hypervariable region I of the putative envelope glycoprotein variants: Potential role in chromic HCV infection. PNAS 89:3468.

Clerici M. Shearer G. 1993. A Th1 – Th2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HCV infection. Immunol. Today 14:107.

Ferrari C. 1993. The cell response to structural hepatitis C virus antigens in persistent and self limited hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 19:286.

Cerny A. Chisari F.V. 1999. Pathogenesis of chronic C hepatitis: Immunological features of hepatic injury and viral persistence. Hepatology 30:595.

Tsai S.L. Liaw S.F. 1997. Detection of type 2 like T helper cells in hepatitis C virus infection: Implication for C virus chronicity. Hepatology 25:449.

Perrella O. Perrella A. Sbreglia C. 2001. Hepatic and peripheral T lymphocyte pattern in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: What correlation with histological activity? Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 14:103.

Sagnelli E. Perrella O. 2001. Immunità e patologie correlate. In Epatite C, ed. CESIL Milano, p. 205.

Barnes E. Harcourt G. Brown D. Lucas M. Philips R. Dusheiko G. Klenerman P. 2002. The dynamics of T – lymphocyte response during combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 36:743.

Lechner F. Gruener N.H. Urbani S. Uggeri J. Santantonio T. Kammer A.R. Cerny A. 2000. CD8+ T lymphocyte responses are induced during acute hepatitis C virus infection but are not sustained. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:2479.

Appay V. Dunbar R. Callan M. Klenernam P. 2002. Memory CD8+ T cell vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections Nat. Med. 8:379.

Zajac A. Blattman J. Kreishna K. Murali . 1998. Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J. Exp. Med. 188:2205.

Klenerman P. Zinkernagel R.M. 1998. Original antigenic sin impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to viruses bearing variant epitopes. Nature 394:482.