PallinDJChngYMMcKayMPEmondJAPelletierAJCamargoCAJr.Epidemiology of epistaxis in US emergency departments, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med2005;46(1):77-81.
2.
GoljoEDangRIloretaAMGovindarajS.Cost of management in epistaxis admission: impact of patient and hospital characteristics. Laryngoscope2015;125(12):2642-7.
3.
KucikCJClenneyT.Management of epistaxis. Am Fam Physician2005;71(2):305-11.
SchlosserRJ.Clinical practice: epistaxis. N Engl J Med2009;360(8):784-9.
6.
KohEFrazziniVIKagetsuNJ.Epistaxis: vascular anatomy, origins and endovascular treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol2000;174(3):845-51.
7.
KasperekZAPollockGF.Epistaxis: an overview. Emerg Med Clin North Am2013;31(2):443-54.
8.
KotechaBFowlerSHarknessPWalmsleyJBrownPTophamJ.Management of epistaxis: a national survey. Ann R Coll Surg Engl1996;78(5):444-6.
9.
CorteFCOrfaoTDiasCCMouraCPSantosM.Risk factors for the occurrence of epistaxis: prospective study. Auris Nasus Larynx2018;45(3):471-5.
10.
CohenJEMoscoviciSGomoriJMEliasharRWeinbergerJItshayekE.Selective endovascular embolization for refractory idiopathic epistaxis is a safe and effective therapeutic option: technique, complications and outcomes. J Clin Neurosci2012;19(5):687-90.
11.
BolaSMarshRBragginsSPotterCHickeyS.Does the continuation of warfarin change management outcomes in epistaxis patients?J Laryngol Otol2016;130(3):256-60.
12.
EscabasseVMalardOCrampetteLet al. Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (SFORL). Managing epistaxis under coagulation disorder due to antithrombotic therapy. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis2017;134(3):195-9.
13.
LavyJ.Epistaxis in anticoagulated patients: educating an at-risk population. Br J Haematol1996;95(1):195-7.
14.
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. Nosebleeds. Am Fam Physician2005;71(2):312.
MassickDHurtukA.Effectiveness of a nasal saline gel in the treatment of recurrent anterior epistaxis in anticoagulated patients. Ear Nose Throat J2011;90(9):E4.
17.
LondonSDLindseyWH.A reliable medical treatment for recurrent mild anterior epistaxis. Laryngoscope1999;109(9):1535-7.
18.
DooGJohnsonDS.Oxymetazoline in the treatment of posterior epistaxis. Hawaii Med J1999;58(8):210-2.
19.
KremplGANoorilyAD.Use of oxymetazoline in the management of epistaxis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1995;104(9 Pt 1):704-6.
20.
MattooOYousufAMirAMuzaffarRPamporiR.Control of anterior epistaxis: a comparative analysis of the decongestive effect of xylometazoline and adrenaline in idiopathic epistaxis in emergency settings. Clin Rhinol2011;4(3):130-5.
21.
Canadian Pharmacists Association. Xylometazoline, CPhA Monograph. 2015. Available: www.e-therapeutics.ca (accessed October 3, 2017).
22.
TibbelinAAustRBendeMet al. Effect of local tranexamic acid gel in the treatment of epistaxis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec1995;57(4):207-9.
23.
ZahedRMoharamzadehPAlizadeharasiSGhasemiASaeediM.A new and rapid method for epistaxis treatment using injectable form of tranexamic acid topically: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med2013;31(9):1389-92.
24.
ZahedRMousavi JazayeriMHNaderiANaderpourZSaeediM.Topical tranexamic acid compared with anterior nasal packing for treatment of epistaxis in patients taking antiplatelet drugs: randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med2018;25(3):261-6.
25.
TorabiMEsfahaniABaneshiM.A new method of epistaxis management using nasal gel: a single centre, randomized clinical trial. Asian J Pharm Clin Res2018;11(3):104-8.
26.
HauptmanGRyanMW.The effect of saline solutions on nasal patency and mucociliary clearance in rhinosinusitis patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2007;137(5):815-21.
27.
HiltonLReubenA.Best evidence topic reports. BET 3: Topical intranasal tranexamic acid for spontaneous epistaxis. Emerg Med J2014;31(5):436-7.
28.
WhiteAO’ReillyBF.Oral tranexamic acid in the management of epistaxis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci1988;13(1):11-6.
29.
KerKBeecherDRobertsI.Topical application of tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2013;(7):CD010562.
30.
AsanauATimoshenkoAPVercherinPMartinCPradesJ.Sphenopalatine and anterior ethmoidal artery ligation for severe epistaxis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2009;118(9):639-44.
31.
CookeET.An evaluation and clinical study of severe epistaxis treated by arterial ligation. J Laryngol Otol1985;99(8):745-9.
32.
SylvesterMJChungSYGuinandLAGovindanABaredesSEloyJA.Arterial ligation versus embolization in epistaxis management: counterintuitive national trends. Laryngoscope2017;127(5):1017-20.
33.
McDermottAMO’CathainECareyBWO’SullivanPSheahanP.Sphenopalatine artery ligation for epistaxis: factors influencing outcome and impact of timing of surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2016;154(3):547-52.
34.
ChristensenNPSmithDSBarnwellSLWaxMK.Arterial embolization in the management of posterior epistaxis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2005;133(5):748-53.
35.
SadriMMidwinterKAhmedAParkerA.Assessment of safety and efficacy of arterial embolisation in the management of intractable epistaxis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol2006;263(6):560-6.
36.
StrachKSchrockAWilhelmKet al. Endovascular treatment of epistaxis: indications, management and outcome. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol2011;34(6):1190-8.
37.
StrongEBBellDAJohnsonLPJacobsJM. Intractable epistaxis: transantral ligation vs. embolization: efficacy review and cost analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1995;113(6):674-8.
38.
CoteDBarberBDiamondCWrightE.FloSeal hemostatic matrix in persistent epistaxis: prospective clinical trial. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2010;39(3):304-8.
39.
KhanMKRedaElBadaweyMPowellJIdrisM.The utility of FloSeal haemostatic agent in the management of epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol2015;129(4):353-7.
40.
KiltySJAlHajryMAlMutairiDet al. Prospective clinical trial of gelatin-thrombin matrix as first line treatment of posterior epistaxis. Laryngoscope2014;124(1):38-42.
41.
LauASUpileNSLazarovaLSwiftAC.Evaluating the use of Floseal haemostatic matrix in the treatment of epistaxis: a prospective, control-matched longitudinal study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol2016;273(9):2579-84.
42.
MathiasenRACruzRM.Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of a novel matrix hemostatic sealant in patients with acute anterior epistaxis. Laryngoscope2005;115(5):899-902.
43.
WakelamOCDimitriadisPAStephensJ.The use of FloSeal haemostatic sealant in the management of epistaxis: a prospective clinical study and literature review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl2017;99(1):28-30.
44.
WalsheP.The use of fibrin glue to arrest epistaxis in the presence of a coagulopathy. Laryngoscope2002;112(6):1126-8.
45.
FaberCLarsonKAmirlakBGuyuronB.Use of desmopressin for unremitting epistaxis following septorhinoplasty and turbinectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg2011;128(6):728e-32e.
46.
DerkayCSHirschBEJohnsonJTWagnerRL.Posterior nasal packing: are intravenous antibiotics really necessary?Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1989;115(4):439-41.
BiswasDMalRK.Are systemic prophylactic antibiotics indicated with anterior nasal packing for spontaneous epistaxis?Acta Otolaryngol2009;129(2):179-81.
51.
SoykaMBRufibachKHuberAHolzmannD.Is severe epistaxis associated with acetylsalicylic acid intake?Laryngoscope2010;120(1):200-7.
52.
StadlerRRKindlerRHolzmannDSoykaMB.The long-term fate of epistaxis patients with exposure to antithrombotic medication. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol2016;273(9):2561-7.
53.
SmithJSiddiqSDyerCRainsburyJKimD.Epistaxis in patients taking oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication: prospective cohort study. J Laryngol Otol2011;125(1):38-42.
54.
TayHLMcMahonADEvansJMMMacDonaldTM.Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and epistaxis: a regional record linkage case control study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1998;107(8):671-4.
55.
Garcia CallejoFJBecares MartinezCCalvo GonzalezJMartinez BeneytoPMarco SanzMMarco AlgarraJ.Epistaxis and dabigatran, a new non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp2014;65(6):346-54.
56.
WhitePJ.Patient factors that influence warfarin dose response. J Pharm Pract2010;23(3):194-204.
57.
ChoudhuryNSharpHRMirNSalamaNY.Epistaxis and oral anticoagulant therapy. Rhinology2004;42(2):92-7.
58.
MusgraveKMPowellJ.A systematic review of anti-thrombotic therapy in epistaxis. Rhinology2016;54(4):292-391.
59.
SrinivasanVPatelHJohnDGWorsleyA.Warfarin and epistaxis: should warfarin always be discontinued?Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci1997;22(6):542-4.
60.
BiggsTCBaruahPMainwaringJHarriesPGSalibRJ.Treatment algorithm for oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in epistaxis patients. J Laryngol Otol2013;127(5):483-8.
61.
UtkewiczMDBrunettiLAwadNI.Epistaxis complicated by rivaroxaban managed with topical tranexamic acid. Am J Emerg Med2015;33(9):1329.e5-e7.
62.
ChenBCVinyADGarlichFMet al. Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use. Clin Toxicol2012;50(9):854-7.
63.
SennesaelALDogneJMSpinewineA.Optimizing the safe use of direct oral anticoagulants in older patients: a teachable moment. JAMA Intern Med2015;175(10):1608-9.
64.
StollbergerCKrutischGFinstererJ.Life-threatening epistaxis and red blood cell polyagglutination under dabigatran. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis2014;25(4):384-6.
65.
FreshourJEHudsonJQStevensABFranksAS.Epistaxis associated with dabigatran in an elderly patient with reduced creatinine clearance. Am J Health Syst Pharm2012;69(14):1184-6.
66.
GruenebaumDDAlsarahAAlsaraOLaird-FickH.Bleeding complication of triple therapy of rivaroxaban, prasugrel and aspirin: a case report and general discussion. Case Rep Cardiol2014;2014:293476.
67.
GageBFWatermanADShannonWBoechlerMRichMWRadfordMJ.Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA2001;285(22):2864-70.
68.
HassenplugKLBurkiewiczJSJacksonTLPeppersLR.Educating patients in self-management of epistaxis in an anticoagulation clinic. Am J Health Syst Pharm2006;63(10):909-11.
