RETRACTED: Maternal Codeine is Not Safe for all Breast-Fed Infants

Briggs GG Freeman RK Yaffe SJ. Drugs in breastfeeding. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2005

Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001; 108:776–89

Koren G Cairns J Chitayat D Pharmacogenetics of morphine poisoning in a breastfed neonate of a codeine-prescribed mother. Lancet 2006; 368:704

Bouwmeester NJ Hop WC vanDijk M Postoperative pain in the neonate: age-related differences in morphine requirements and metabolism. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:2009–15

Meyer UA. Pharmacogenetics of adverse drug reactions. Lancet 2000; 356:1667–71

Gaedigk A Bradford LD Marcucci KA Unique CYP2D6 activity distribution and genotype-phenotype discordance in black Americans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72:76–89

Gasche Y Daali Y Fathi M Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2827–31

Meny RG Naumburg EG Alger LS Codeine and the breastfed neonate. J Hum Lact 1993; 9:237–40

Stone AN Mackenzie PI Galetin A Morphine glucuronidation by human UGTs. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1086–89

Sawyer MB Innocenti F Das S A pharmacogenetic study of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 in patients receiving morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 73:566–74

Ito S Blajchman A Stephenson M Koren G. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breastfed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168:1393–9

Davis JM Bhutari UK. Neonatal apnea and maternal codeine use. Pediatr Res 1984; 19:170A