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Abstract

The main purpose of this manuscript is to analyze the stability of the shock response of the electric vehicle (EV) powertrain when considering the electro-mechanical coupling effect. The nonlinear drive-shaft model of the powertrain is built using the Lagrange method, based on which the shock response equation is also deduced. Meanwhile, the number and properties of the equilibrium points are studied. Two kinds of equilibrium points, saddle node and central point, which can induce different dynamic behaviors are found. The simulation results show that the trajectory of the shock response may be unstable if the parameters are chosen in the region that has a saddle node. If the parameters of the powertrain fall into the region that has only one central point, the trajectory of the shock response will be attracted by the stable limit cycle. Therefore, to ensure that the shock response is more stable, the parameters should be chosen in the region where only one central point is present.

Keywords

Electric vehicle powertrain shock response stability electro-mechanical coupling effect torsional dynamics nonlinear drive-shaft model

Introduction

Due to the fact that the torsional dynamics may result in severe damage to the components of the powertrain, it has attracted wide attention in the past years.^1,2 The torsional dynamics of the powertrain can be roughly divided into two types: torsional vibration and shock. Torsional vibration of the powertrain usually happens when there exist excitations, such as the harmonics of the engine.³ In the meantime, resonance is an important part that should be considered when studying torsional vibration as it may destroy the powertrain when the frequency of the outer excitation equals or near the resonance frequency of the powertrain.⁴ Generally, there are two kinds of methods that are usually used to control the torsional vibration of the powertrain: add some dampers to the powertrain⁵ or design active control methods. Compared with the resonance, shock^6,7 is a kind of transient behavior, such as judder^8,9 or shuffle,¹⁰ which usually happens during start/stop¹¹ or tip in/out.¹² The shock of the powertrain is considered to be more damaging as the working condition may change frequently. Since the shock of the powertrain can only be reduced but not eliminated, the dampers or active damping methods are also designed to reduce the influence of shock.^13–16

As the vehicle industry progresses, electric vehicle becomes an inevitable trend. However, it has also introduced new problems to the vehicle powertrain, such as the electro-mechanical coupling effect^17,18 that is caused by the addition of the driven motor. The corresponding torsional dynamics of the electric vehicle powertrain are also arisen from the electro-mechanical coupling effect.¹⁹ As the electro-mechanical coupling effect is considered, the mathematical model of the powertrain is changed from a linear model to a nonlinear model.²⁰ Moreover, the dynamics and stability of the powertrain are also influenced by nonlinear terms. For instance, the peak of the resonance curve may be shifted which may make the resonance curve loses its stability when considering the effect of the nonlinear parameters.²¹ The reason that causes the occurrence of the unstable dynamics to the resonance curve is the appearance of the fold bifurcation. However, if the parameters of the electric vehicle powertrain are properly designed, the fold bifurcation can be eliminated, and the unstable dynamics of the resonance can also be controlled.⁴

Even though the torsional dynamics of the electric vehicle powertrain have been widely studied, there are still several issues that must be discussed properly, such as the stability of the shock response of the electric vehicle powertrain when considering electro-mechanical coupling effect. If the parameters of the electric part or the mechanical part are not chosen properly, the electric vehicle powertrain may not work stably after the impact. As a result, the analysis of the dynamic behaviors and stability of shock response becomes so important when designing the electric vehicle powertrain, which is also the focus of this manuscript.

In this manuscript, the electro-mechanical coupling effect of the electric vehicle powertrain is considered, and the influence of the parameters and the initial conditions on the stability of the shock response of the powertrain are discussed. The structure of this manuscript is organized as follows: firstly, the shock response equation of the powertrain is deduced in section 1; then, the number and the properties are discussed in section 2; thirdly, the shock response is simulated in section 3, and finally, the conclusions are drawn in section 4.

Modeling of shock response equation

The drive-shaft model, which contains the flexibility of the half shaft and the conversion ratio of the transmission and the final drive, is shown in Figure 1, where $J_{m}^{'}$ is the moment of inertia of the motor rotor; $J_{L}$ is the sum of the moment of inertia of the wheel and the moment of inertia of the vehicle being equivalent to the wheel; $ϕ_{m}^{'}$ , $ϕ_{L}$ are the motor rotor angle and the wheel angle, respectively; $k$ is the stiffness of the powertrain; $c$ is the damping coefficient of the powertrain^4,7; $i_{0}$ and $i_{1}$ are the speed ratio of the transmission and the final drive, respectively; $T_{m}^{'}$ is the torque of drive motor, and $T_{L}$ is the torque of vehicle load.

Figure 1.

Drive-shaft model.

Based on the Lagrange method, the equivalent torsional vibration model of the drive-shaft model can be described as follows:

J_{m} {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{ϕ}}_{m} = T_{m} - c ({\overset{\cdot}{ϕ}}_{m} - {\overset{\cdot}{ϕ}}_{L}) - k (ϕ_{m} - ϕ_{L})

(1)

J_{L} {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{ϕ}}_{L} = c ({\overset{\cdot}{ϕ}}_{m} - {\overset{\cdot}{ϕ}}_{L}) + k (ϕ_{m} - ϕ_{L}) - T_{L}

(2)

where, $i = i_{0} i_{1}$ , $J_{m} = i^{2} J_{m}^{'},$ $J_{m} = i^{2} J_{m}^{'}$ , $T_{m} = i^{2}$ .

Since the mathematical model of the driven motor in the rotating coordinate system, which is often used when trying to control the dynamics of the powertrain, will increase the dimension of the total drive-shaft model and is not convenient for theoretical analysis. The analyzed form of motor torque is chosen here and is obtained using Maxwell’s equation.^19–21 It is true that if the torque fluctuation of the driven motor is considered, the motor torque will contain a series of harmonics, and the torque can also be obtained using the Taylor expansion method.

The Maxwell’s electromagnetic torque of the driven motor, $T_{m}^{'}$ , can be written as

T_{m}^{'} = \frac{\partial W}{\partial (p ϕ_{m}^{'})} \approx k_{0} + k_{1} ϕ_{m}^{'} - k_{2} {(ϕ_{m}^{'})}^{2} - k_{3} {(ϕ_{m}^{'})}^{3}

(3)

where, $k_{0} = F_{m} \cos ϕ_{m}^{'}$ , $k_{1} = p F_{m} \sin ϕ_{m}^{'}$ , $k_{2} = \frac{1}{2} p^{2} F_{m} \cos ϕ_{m}^{'}$ , $k_{3} = \frac{1}{6} p^{3} F_{m} \sin ϕ_{m}^{'}$ , $F_{m} = π R Λ_{0} l F_{sm} F_{rm}$ , $k_{0}$ , $k_{1}$ , $k_{2}$ , and $k_{3}$ are electromagnetic related parameters determined by the operating state of the motor. $F_{rm}$ is the amplitude of the fundamental MMF for the permanent magnet rotor. $F_{sm}$ is the amplitude of the fundamental MMF for the stator; $p$ is the number of pole pairs; $R$ is the mean radius of the air gap; $l$ is the effective length of the PMSM motor. $Λ_{0} = μ_{0} / σ$ , $σ = k_{μ} δ_{0}$ , $μ_{0} = k_{μ} δ_{0}$ , $μ_{0}$ is the air magnetic permeability; $k_{μ}$ is the magnetic saturation; $δ_{0}$ is the equivalent air gap. It can be derived: $\frac{k_{1}^{2}}{p^{2} F_{m}^{2}} + \frac{4 k_{2}^{2}}{p^{4} F_{m}^{2}} = 1$ and $k_{3} = \frac{1}{6} p^{2} k_{1}$ .

It is assumed that the nonlinear model receives an impact moment at the load end which is opposite to its rotation direction. The torsion angles at the driving end and the load end are $θ_{1}$ and 0, respectively. The shock response equation can be written as:

{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{θ}}_{1} + α θ_{1}^{3} + β θ_{1}^{2} + γ θ_{1} - η = 0

(4)

where, $α = \frac{k_{3}}{J_{m}}$ , $β = \frac{(k_{2} + 3 k_{3} ϕ_{m})}{J_{m}}$ , $γ = \frac{(2 k_{2} ϕ_{m} + 3 k_{3} ϕ_{m}^{2})}{J_{m}}$ , $η = \frac{k_{2} ϕ_{m}^{2} + k_{3} ϕ_{m}^{3}}{J_{m}}$ .

The shock response equation (4), can be rewritten as the state-space form:

{\begin{matrix} \overset{\cdot}{x} = y \\ \overset{\cdot}{y} = - α x^{3} - β x^{2} - γ x + η \end{matrix}

(5)

where, $x = θ_{1}$ , $y = {\overset{\cdot}{θ}}_{1}$ .

Dynamics and stability analysis of shock response

Number of the equilibrium points

The equilibrium equation of (5) can be obtained as

{\begin{matrix} y = 0 \\ α x^{3} + β x^{2} + γ x - η = 0 \end{matrix}

(6)

Assuming that $(x_{0}, 0)$ is the equilibrium point of (6) and solving (6), we obtain

\begin{matrix} x_{0} = \frac{m}{6 α} - \frac{2 (3 α γ - β^{2})}{3 α m} - \frac{β}{3 α}, \\ x_{0} = - \frac{m}{12 α} + \frac{3 α γ - β^{2}}{3 α m} - \frac{β}{3 α} \\ \pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} (\frac{m}{6 α} + \frac{2 (3 α γ - β^{2})}{3 α m}) i \end{matrix}

where,

\begin{matrix} m = {(12 \sqrt{3} \sqrt{27 α^{2} η^{2} + 18 α β η γ + 4 α γ^{3} - 4 β^{3} η - β^{2} γ^{2}} α + 36 α β + 108 η α^{2} - 8 β^{3})}^{1 / 3} \end{matrix}

As shown, the number of the equilibrium points²² is determined by $\frac{m}{6 α} + \frac{2 (3 α γ - β^{2})}{3 α m}$ :

If $\frac{m}{6 α} + \frac{2 (3 α γ - β^{2})}{3 α m} \neq 0$ , there is only one equilibrium point.

If $\frac{m}{6 α} + \frac{2 (3 α γ - β^{2})}{3 α m} = 0$ , there are two equilibrium points.

If $\frac{m}{6 α} + \frac{2 (3 α γ - β^{2})}{3 α m}$ is a pure imaginary number, there is a probability of having three equilibrium points.

Stability and bifurcation of the equilibrium points

The Jacobian matrix of the equilibrium point can be written as:

J_{(x_{0}, 0)} = [\begin{matrix} 0 & 1 \\ - 3 α x_{0}^{2} - 2 β x_{0} - γ & 0 \end{matrix}]

(7)

The corresponding characteristic equation can be written as:

λ^{2} + 3 α x_{0}^{2} + 2 β x_{0} + γ = 0

(8)

The root of the characteristic equation can be expressed as:

λ_{1, 2} = \pm \sqrt{- 3 α x_{0}^{2} - 2 β x_{0} - γ}

(9)

The stability of the equilibrium point^22–24 can be classified into the following conditions:

If $3 α x_{0}^{2} + 2 β x_{0} + γ < 0$ , $λ_{1, 2}$ are real number with different signs and the equilibrium points are saddle nodes.

If $3 α x_{0}^{2} + 2 β x_{0} + γ = 0$ , $λ_{1, 2}$ equal to zero and fold bifurcation of the equilibrium point may happen.

If $3 α x_{0}^{2} + 2 β x_{0} + γ > 0$ , $λ_{1, 2}$ are pure imaginary roots and the equilibrium points are central points.

Equilibrium curves in parameters plane

Based on the analysis in 2.1 and 2.2, the curves of equilibrium points versus $α$ are obtained (see Figure 2, where “FB” represents Fold bifurcation of the equilibrium points) when other parameters are fixed as $β = - 0.1$ , $γ = 1$ , $η = 0.5$ . As demonstrated in Figure 2, the number and properties will change in accordance with the change of the value of parameter $α$ . The number and the properties of the equilibrium points can be described as follows:

If $- 1 \leq α < - 0.4615$ , there is only one saddle node;

If $α = - 0.4615$ , fold bifurcation of the equilibrium point occurs. Meanwhile, the number and the stability of the equilibrium points will also change during the parameter $α$ going across this point;

If $- 0.4615 < α < - 0.06697$ , there are three equilibrium points, two saddle nodes, and one central point;

If $- 0.06697 < α < 0.01698$ , there are two equilibrium points. One is saddle node and another one is the central point;

If $0.01698 < α < 1$ , only one central point exists.

Figure 2.

The equilibrium curves versus $α$ .

Simulation analysis of the influence of the parameters on the shock response

To further analyze the stability of the shock responses when the parameters fall into different regions and with different initial conditions, the phase diagrams are drawn in 3.1–3.4, where the stability characteristics of the shock response are also analyzed.

Stability analysis of the shock response when there is only one saddle node

If $α = - 0.8$ , there is only one saddle node as $- 0.8$ falls in the region $- 1 \leq α < - 0.4615$ . As can be seen in Figure 3, the saddle node cannot attract the surrounding trajectories, which means that the shock response is unstable when the parameters are chosen in the region that only has one saddle node.

Figure 3.

Phase diagram when $α = - 0.8$ .

Stability analysis of the shock response when there are two saddle node and one central point

If $α = - 0.2$ , there are three equilibrium points, two saddle nodes, and one central point. This is because $- 0.2$ is in the region $- 0.4615 < α < - 0.06697$ , shown in Figure 4. The two saddle nodes cannot attract the trajectories. As the central point is surrounded by stable limit cycles, the trajectories can be attracted by the stable limit cycles. The stability of the shock response is affected by the initial condition that forms after the impact when the parameters are chosen in the region that has two saddle nodes and one central point.

Figure 4.

Phase diagram when $α = - 0.2$ .

Stability analysis of the shock response when there are one saddle node and one central point

If $α = 0$ , there are two equilibrium points, a saddle node and a central point, as $α = 0$ falls in the region $- 0.06697 < α < 0.01698$ . The corresponding phase diagram is drawn in Figure 5, where the saddle node is also unstable and is unable to attract any trajectory, which is similar to the saddle node described in 3.1. The trajectories can be attracted by the stable limit cycles around the central point. The stability of the shock response is affected by the initial condition when the parameters are chosen in the region that has one saddle node and one central point.

Figure 5.

Phase diagram when $α = 0$ .

Stability analysis of the shock response when there is only one central point

If $α = 0.4$ , there is only one central point since 0.4 is in the region 0 $. 01698 < α < 1$ . Figure 6 is the corresponding phase diagram, where the red dot represents the central point. The central point is surrounded by the stable limit cycles. The trajectories will be attracted by the stable limit cycles, which means that the curve of the shock response can be stabled on one of the stable limit cycles if the parameter $α$ is chosen in the region having only one central point.

Figure 6.

Phase diagram when $α = 0.4$ .

Conclusions

The stability of the shock response of the electric vehicle powertrain is studied in this manuscript. The following conclusions are drawn:

The shock response is unstable if the parameters of the powertrain are chosen in the region that only has one saddle node;

The stability of the shock response depends on the initial condition after the impact if the parameters of electric vehicle powertrain are chosen in the region that has two saddle nodes and one central point or one central point and one saddle node;

To ensure the electric vehicle powertrain can work stably after the impact, the parameters of the powertrain should be chosen in the region where only one central point is present.

Footnotes

Handling Editor: Dr James Baldwin

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51875258, 12072311).

ORCID iD

Qingzhen Han

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Stability analysis of shock response of EV powertrain considering electro-mechanical coupling effect

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Modeling of shock response equation

Dynamics and stability analysis of shock response

Number of the equilibrium points

Stability and bifurcation of the equilibrium points

Equilibrium curves in parameters plane

Simulation analysis of the influence of the parameters on the shock response

Stability analysis of the shock response when there is only one saddle node

Stability analysis of the shock response when there are two saddle node and one central point

Stability analysis of the shock response when there are one saddle node and one central point

Stability analysis of the shock response when there is only one central point

Conclusions

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References