Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The concept of multi-attribute topological graph is proposed in this article to represent the characteristics of both structure and state for typical one-degree-of-freedom planar spur closed planetary gear trains. This method is well applied in power flow analysis and provides a graphical view for the types, values, directions, and transmission relationship of power flow, especially for the recirculation power representation. Furthermore, a template model of multi-attribute topological graph for closed planetary gear trains is also presented, which would be helpful to the multi-attribute topological graph generation for some certain types of closed planetary gear trains just by changing symbols in the template model. A corresponding software is also developed to make the analysis process more convenient. By inputting different parameters, the different visual results can be obtained automatically, thus benefiting engineers in conceptual design.

Keywords

Closed planetary gear trains power flow topological graph parameterized template model transmission relationship

Introduction

Closed planetary gear trains (CPGTs) have the advantages of high transmission ratio, large loading capacity, compact volume, and so on, which has a variety of applications, such as vehicles, airplanes, and automation industry.¹ However, the power flow analysis,^2–4 as a significant part of CPGT research, has become a complex and difficult issue. The main reasons are the uncertain determination of power flow directions and the possible generation of power recirculation. For one structure of CPGTs, various power flow types can be generated by the different choice of transmission ratio on each branch. When dealing with the design of one specific type of power flow, engineers usually do not only rely on the experience, but need multiple calculations, which can turn into an extremely complex and time-consuming task.

Many researchers have been concerned with making the power flow analysis more simple and visualized.⁵ In 1970, Buchsbaum and Freudenstein⁶ introduced the idea of graph theory and proposed a graph representation to provide an intuitive view in solving mechanical issues. F Freudenstein and AT Yang⁷ illustrated a graph representation of kinematic structure aiming at the power flow determination. A virtual power graph was employed by C Chen⁸ to analyze the power flow of power-split planetary gear trains. Pennestrì and colleagues^9–11 studied the power flow of spur gear planetary gear transmission using graphical methods. Based on hypergraph and matrix operation, FC Yang et al.¹² proposed a method for power flow analysis. New approaches have been put forward and improvements have been highly achieved with the works mentioned above, but there are still some limitations in the application of visualization. First, these methods are too professional with abstract graphs to popularize. Second, the general power flow view provided is not sufficient in the representation of power distribution on each branch, transmission relations between components, and internal power circulation, since the physical structure is less contained.

Meanwhile, continuous efforts have been made by researchers to express the structural characteristics of gear trains. For instance, coincident joint graph was presented by Olson et al.,¹³ canonical graph was provided by Chatterjee and Tsai,¹⁴ and kinematic fractionated graph was introduced by DZ Chen and KL Yao.¹⁵ Through these graphs, the mapping relationship between graph and structure was provided, and basic motion units were divided according to planets and so on. Sohn and Freudenstein,¹⁶ Vucinan and Freudenstein,¹⁷ and Zou et al.¹⁸ all made great progresses according to the theory. However, they still lack the complete expression of structure and properties of components. In addition, the description of state characteristics was not taken into account. Therefore, a new graphical representation method including the characteristics of integral structure and state is needed. In line with this idea, Xue et al.¹⁹ summarized the merits and drawbacks, and then he²⁰ developed a systematic topological graph (TG) model based on functional fractionation, thus making the information contained more complete and expressive. Nevertheless, the main application of this method is the structural synthesis of mechanisms.

Based on the published works about the TGs, the concept of a multi-attribute topological graph (MATG) is proposed to integrate CPGT modeling and power flow analysis closely. Multi-attributes refer to the shapes and colors of the images enriching the content, which are the very characteristics to the visualized MATG. Through this method, the description of structural and state characteristics of CPGTs is more complete and understandable; also, the analysis of power flow is more straightforward and clear. Moreover, the processes of MATG generation and result analysis become more efficient with the assistance of powerful computers,²¹ which greatly benefit engineers in conceptual design of CPGTs.^22,23 The rest of this work is organized as follows. In section “Some concepts,” the different symbols for characteristics of MATG are defined and the template model of MATG for a certain type of CPGTs is presented. Section “Power flow analysis without considering losses” illustrates the power flow equations corresponding to MATG and explains in detail about the power flow types. Two examples of CPGTs are considered to be analyzed in MATG by applying the software framework presented in section “Software implementation and application examples,” and the conclusions are drawn in section “Conclusion.” It needs to be noted that this study is focused on the examples of one-degree-of-freedom (DOF) planetary gears closed with fixed-axis gears (single-loop system), but this method can also be extended to two or more DOFs.

Some concepts

Concept of the TG model

To describe the planetary gear trains, the TG model was proposed by Xue et al.²⁰ In this model, there are five types of machine elements: suns, planets, fixed-axis gears, carriers, and shafts. According to the structural properties, these components can be classified into three levels (see Figure 1), which are planetary level for planets and carriers, solar level for coaxial suns, and fixed-axis gear level for fixed-axis gears.

Figure 1.

Topological unit graph.

An example of the TG model transformed from structure diagram is shown in Figure 2. The solid vertices represent the planets, while the hollow vertices represent the other gears. Carriers are denoted by small squares, and the spindles of gears are default for representation. In the TG model, gear pairs are denoted by thick edges, turning pairs by thin edges, and dashed edges represent the carriers and gears fixed together.

Figure 2.

A TG model transformed from structure diagram.

It is indicated that the physical characteristics and special states are represented clearly, and this method can also reflect the topological properties systematically. However, the various types of gears only denoted by the solid and hollow vertices are not sufficient in the analysis of power flow transmission. More concretely, the uncertain properties of components will lead to the unclear connection relationships between them, which could bring difficulties in power flow analysis.

Concept of MATG

In order to overcome the shortcomings of the TG model, an improved representation method named MATG is proposed based on the TG model and utilized for structure and state characteristic analysis of CPGTs. Here, the structural characteristics refer to gear types and connection types between components, whereas the state characteristics refer to speed, torque, and power flow (value and direction) on each branch. For the sake of clear description of these characteristics, some symbols and colors are utilized in MATG. The definitions of the symbols are as follows.

Definition of gear types

By establishing the mapping relations between the mechanical domain and the graph domain, the types of gears could become clear and each of the gears will contain unique property. Figure 3 depicts the mapping relations. The planets and carriers are still represented by the former graphic symbols (solid vertices and squares). The representations of other gears are subdivided into three types, which are circles for suns, toroid for rings, and circles with a central dot for fixed-axis gears. In addition, carriers are classified into solar level since they are in the same axis of rotation.

Figure 3.

Mapping relations of gear types.

Definition of connection types between components

There are three types of connections, which are gear fixed connection, gear pair, and turning pair. The first connection and the others equivalent to it are denoted by concentric symbols. The latter two are indicated by the solid edges as the TG model. The fixed connections between gears in each level are displayed in Figure 4(a)–(c).

Figure 4.

The representations of fixed connection in (a) planetary level, (b) solar level, and (c) fixed-axis gear level.

Definition of power flow characteristic representations

In MATG, the values of characteristics are considered by the widths of arrow shafts/edges, and the colors are also applied to represent the certain values. In this case, the ratio of widths from each other is equal to the ratio of values from each other. Figure 5 shows a yellow arrow directing from gear 1 to gear 2, which denotes the power flowing from sun 1 to sun 2. The width of the arrow shaft indicates the power value and the color represents the value in a certain range.

Figure 5.

The power flow expression.

The template model

There are two transmission types of CPGTs. One is XP and the other is PX (see Figure 6). X represents the differential gear train unit and P represents the unit for closing (such as ordinary fixed-axis gear trains, various planetary gear trains, continuously variable transmission (CVT), etc.); c, b, a, α, and β represent each branch, respectively, and J₀ represents the convergence point of power flow. This study is focused on XP (a differential and a fixed gear train are closed together) with a single loop called Type A system.

Figure 6.

The single-loop system of one-degree freedom of (a) XP system and (b) PX system.

The template model of Type A system can be concluded due to the structural properties of the XP transmission system and the strong regularities of the MATG form, and it is displayed in Figure 7. It should be noted that the gears in solar level are all drawn by circles to represent any types; all possible fixed connections are reserved and described by concentric circles. In this template, the differential gear train consists of the gears 1, 1′, 2, 3, and 4, while the fixed-axis gear train consists of the gears 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Figure 7.

The template model of the Type A system.

By changing the symbols of this template model, different MATGs of the Type A system can be generated according to the corresponding specific mechanisms. Here, the transformation processes of three MATG examples are listed in Table 1. The advantages of MATG also can be seen through these examples. MATG is another representation form of structure diagram, which means that the gear types and connections between components are directly reflected by MATG. Compared to the structure diagram, MATG can clearly express the numbers of each gear type as well as the loops in the system.

Table 1.

Three corresponding MATG examples transformed from the template model according to structure diagrams.

Structure diagram	Symbol alteration	Corresponding MATG

MATG: multi-attribute topological graph.

Power flow analysis without considering losses

Power flow equations

Although the TG model is an effective tool for the type synthesis of mechanisms, it has not been extended to the power analysis. The MATG method does not only improve the representation from the TG model, but it can also be validly used to analyze the power characteristics combined with formulas. The main process of formula derivation is illustrated as follows:

Based on the theoretical mechanics and the principle of relative motion, in the template model, the transmission ratio of the X unit is

i_{X} = \frac{n_{a} - n_{c}}{n_{b} - n_{c}}

(1)

Similarly, the transmission ratio of the P unit is

i_{P} = \frac{n_{α}}{n_{β}}

(2)

where n_a, n_b, n_c, n_α, and n_β are the speeds of the gears 4, 3, 2, 5, and 6, respectively.

The speed of gear 3 is equal to that of gear 5 as well as to those of the gears 4–6 due to the fixed relation between those components, and then the total transmission ratio is

i = \frac{1 - i_{X} i_{P}}{1 - i_{X}}

(3)

Here, the mathematical models should serve the visual expression of data and each component should have unified parameter expression. The relative equations^24,25 for MATG are listed to meet the requirements. Let

λ = \frac{1}{1 - i_{X} i_{P}}

(4)

R = 1 - i_{X}

(5)

The speed of each component

[\begin{matrix} n_{a} \\ n_{b} \\ n_{c} \\ n_{α} \\ n_{β} \end{matrix}] = n_{in} \times λ \times R \times [\begin{matrix} 1 \\ i_{P} \\ 1 / λ R \\ i_{P} \\ 1 \end{matrix}]

(6)

The torque of each component

[\begin{matrix} T_{a} \\ T_{b} \\ T_{c} \\ T_{α} \\ T_{β} \\ T_{out} \end{matrix}] = T_{in} \times [\begin{matrix} - 1 / R \\ i_{X} / R \\ 1 \\ - i_{X} / R \\ i_{X} i_{P} / R \\ T_{a} + T_{β} \end{matrix}]

(7)

The power of each component

[\begin{matrix} P_{a} \\ P_{b} \\ P_{c} \\ P_{α} \\ P_{β} \end{matrix}] = P_{in} \times [\begin{matrix} - λ \\ λ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 - λ \\ λ - 1 \end{matrix}]

(8)

Power flow types in MATG

There are three types of power flow due to the recirculation power.²⁴ The expressions of these types in MATG are presented in Figure 8. The widths of the arrow shafts are determined by the ratio from the power equations. If the widths in the loop are all narrower than the input width, then the type of power flow is power split; otherwise, it is power reflux which can be divided into two recirculation power types: anticlockwise loop and clockwise loop.

Figure 8.

The expressions of three types of power flow in MATG: (a) power split, (b) power anticlockwise reflux, and (c) power clockwise reflux.

The three properties of MATG of the Type A system are as follows:

Property 1. The distributions of power flow characteristics on branches can be seen directly in MATG. The directions of arrows represent the directions of power flow; the ratio of widths of arrow shafts from each other is equal to the ratio of power values.

Property 2. If the widths of arrow shafts in the loop are wider than the input, then it is indicated that there is recirculation power in this system.

Property 3. Under the situation of power recirculation, the narrowest arrow shafts in the loop represent the recirculation power.

Software implementation and application examples

Software framework

There is increasing manual work replaced by the powerful computer, which benefits designers a lot. Under this trend, the graphic constructions and the corresponding equations of this method are compiled in programming using Visual Basic 6.0, thus improving the working efficiency greatly.

In this software, the template model of the Type A system can be directly applied, and the equations in section “Power flow analysis without considering losses” can also be compiled for computation. Besides the modifiable template, a database organizing the MAGTs of common mechanisms is provided and ready for calling. Figure 9 indicates the whole process of software application.

Figure 9.

The flowchart of framework of the whole process of application.

The steps of generating MATG representations are as follows:

Step 1. Select the template model or the database according to the requirements. If the template is chosen, go to step 2; if the database is chosen, go to step 4.

Step 2. Make sure the correct symbol representation of each gear type according to the structure diagram.

Step 3. Confirm the specific MATG. It can be saved into the database directly, or repeat step 2 if it does not meet the requirements.

Step 4. Input the number of teeth for gears; then the values of i_X, i_P, and $λ$ will be calculated automatically in programming.

Step 5. Input the relative parameters, such as the values of power, torque, and speed.

Step 6. The MATGs of power flow analysis are displayed. The results can be updated easily just by changing the relative parameters in step 4 or 5.

Applications for analysis

Assuming that two MATGs from the database are selected, respectively, the processes of generating the analysis graphs are explained in detail below.

Example 1

This mechanism (the second example in Table 1) was conducted for transmission analysis in a testbed to drive a load of 10 N m.²⁶

According to the steps mentioned above, the input characteristics (the original experimental parameters) are as follows: $Z_{1} = 125$ , $Z_{2} = 30$ , $Z_{3} = 44$ , $Z_{4} = 80$ , $Z_{5} = 30$ , $Z_{6} = 24$ , $Z_{7} = 34$ , $Z_{8} = 20$ , $P_{in} = 280 kW$ , $T_{out} = 10 N m$ , and $n_{in} = 15 r / \min$ . Then the power flow analysis for this type of CPGTs can be generated automatically by the software. As shown in Figure 10(a)–(c), the power flow, torque, and speed analyses in MATG are displayed, respectively, when the values are as given above.

Figure 10.

Power flow analysis of Example 1 in MATG: (a) power flow analysis, (b) torque analysis, and (c) speed analysis.

Clearly, there is recirculation power (431.732 kW) flowing clockwise in the loop, which is represented separately to provide a clear view of the power distribution. It also suggests that the branch (the planet/planet 1/1′ to sun/sun 4/6) has a large load and needs to be noticed in designing. In addition, this system has the properties of reducing torque and increasing speed.

Example 2

Another mechanism (the third example in Table 1) is applied for the analysis. Suppose the input characteristics to be as follows: $Z_{1} = 31$ , $Z_{2} = 20$ , $Z_{3} = 82$ , $Z_{4} = 85$ , $Z_{5} = 23$ , $Z_{6} = 31$ , $P_{in} = 1000 kW$ , $T_{in} = 50 N m$ , and $n_{in} = 200 r / \min$ . Then Figure 11(a)–(c) illustrates the power flow, torque, and speed analyses in MATG, respectively.

Figure 11.

Power flow analysis of Example 2 in MATG: (a) power flow analysis, (b) torque analysis, and (c) speed analysis.

It can be seen intuitively that there is no recirculation power in this system since the widths of arrow shafts in the loop are all narrower than the input. Comparing with the structure diagram, the relationship between each component is much easier to understand. The input power first flows from sun 2 to planet 1 and then splits into two paths. One straightly flows to the carrier H fixed with ring 4; the other is a long path, which flows from ring/sun 3/5 to the fixed 6 and eventually to ring 4 fixing with carrier H where the powers confluence and output. In addition, this system has the properties of high output torque and reducing speed, so the transmission scheme is reasonable.

Conclusion

This article proposes a method called MATG for the visualized power flow analysis of CPGTs. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:

The MATG improves the structural characteristic description of CPGTs.

The MATG is capable of analyzing the power flow. It can not only reflect the power flow types, but also describe the values, directions, and the transmission relationship of power flow, especially the recirculation power.

A template model is proposed to correspond to different structures of the Type A system. By changing some symbols, the different MATGs can be generated and used for the power flow analysis.

The corresponding software is developed through compiling MATG and equations. Different analysis results in MATG can be obtained automatically by changing the parameters, which could help designers make assessments.

It is more convenient for engineers to have an overview of the mechanical properties, and it can provide some reference and guidance at the early stage for conceptual design of CPGTs. As a result, the transmission scheme designs become more reasonable, and the blindness of design relying on the uneven experiences will be avoided.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the referees for their helpful suggestions and comments which have improved the manuscript.

Handling Editor: Francesco Massi

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51175419) and the Postgraduate Training Project of Xi’an University of Technology (Grant No. 252051626).

ORCID iD

Jing Gao

References

Ayats

JRG

Diego-Ayala

Canela

et al . Hypergraphs for the analysis of complex mechanisms comprising planetary gear trains and other variable or fixed transmissions. Mech Mach Theory 2012; 51: 217–229.

Kahraman

Ligata

Kienzle

et al . A kinematics and power flow analysis methodology for automatic transmission planetary gear trains. J Mech Des 2005; 126: 1071–1081.

Chen

Angeles

Virtual-power flow and mechanical gear-mesh power losses of epicyclic gear trains. J Mech Des 2007; 129: 107–113.

Yang

Feng

Design and power flow analysis for multi-speed automatic transmission with hybrid gear trains. Int J Auto Technol 2016; 17: 629–637.

del Castillo

. Enumeration of 1-DOF planetary gear train graphs based on functional constraints. ASME T J Mech Des 2002; 124: 723–732.

Buchsbaum

Freudenstein

Synthesis of kinematic structure of geared kinematic chain and other mechanisms. J Mech 1970; 5: 357–392.

Freudenstein

Yang

AT.

Kinematics and statics of a coupled epicyclic spur-gear train. Mech Mach Theory 1942; 7: 263–275.

Chen

Power flow and efficiency analysis of epicyclic gear transmission with split power. Mech Mach Theory 2013; 59: 96–106.

Pennestrì

Valentini

PP.

A review of formulas for the mechanical efficiency analysis of two degrees-of-freedom epicyclic gear trains. ASME J Mech Des 2003; 125: 602–608.

10.

Pennestrì

Mariti

Valentini

et al . Efficiency evaluation of gearboxes for parallel hybrid vehicles: theory and applications. Mech Mach Theory 2012; 49: 157–176.

11.

Del Pio

Pennestrì

Valentin

. Kinematic and power-flow analysis of bevel gears planetary gear trains with gyroscopic complexity. Mech Mach Theory 2013; 70: 523–537.

12.

Yang

Feng

Zhang

HC.

Power flow and efficiency analysis of multi-flow planetary gear trains. Mech Mach Theory 2015; 92: 86–99.

13.

Olson

Erdman

Riley

DR.

Topological analysis of single-degree-of-freedom planetary gear trains. ASME J Mech Des 1991; 113: 10–16.

14.

Chatterjee

Tsai

LW.

Computer-aided sketching of epicyclic-type automatic transmission gear trains. ASME T J Mech Desi 1996; 118: 405–411.

15.

Chen

Yao

KL.

Topological synthesis of fractionated geared differential mechanisms. J Mech Des 2000; 122: 472–478.

16.

Sohn

Freudenstein

An application of dual graphs to the automatic generation of the kinematic structures of mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the ASME, design engineering technical conference, Columbus, OH, 1 September 1986. New York: ASME.

17.

Vucinan

Freudenstein

Application of graph theory and nonlinear programming to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms. Mech Mach Theory 1991; 26: 553–563.

18.

Zou

Pei

YL.

Automatic topological structural synthesis algorithm of planar simple joint kinematic chains. J Adv Mech Eng 2016; 8: 1–12.

19.

Xue

Lei

Song

NL.

System mathematic model of epicyclic gear trains. Chinese J Mech Eng 2008; 44: 80–86.

20.

Xue

Wang

et al . Classification and synthesis of planetary gear trains. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2005 international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, Long Beach, CA, 24–28 September 2005, pp.681–688. New York: ASME.

21.

Xue

Liu

Yang

XH.

A review of graph theory application research in gears. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 2016; 230: 1697–1714.

22.

Zawislak

Artificial intelligence aided design of gears based on graph-theoretical models. In: Proceedings of the 12th IFTOMM world congress, 2007, pp.1–6, https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2020801/dmglib_handler_docum_20456009.html

23.

Shi

XY.

Study on visualization of planetary gear based on topological theory. J Appl Mech Mater 2011; 86: 797–800.

24.

Cui

YH.

Study on the bifurcated power planetary transmission. PhD Thesis, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China, 1998.

25.

Wang

Xue

Cui

et al . Power characteristic analysis and visualization of the closed planetary transmission. Mach Tool Hydraul 2005; 10: 34–36.

26.

HL.

Theoretical and theory research on single-loop planetary transmission. Master’s Thesis, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China, 2010.

The multi-attribute topological graph method and its application on power flow analysis in closed planetary gear trains

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Some concepts

Concept of the TG model

Concept of MATG

Definition of gear types

Definition of connection types between components

Definition of power flow characteristic representations

The template model

Power flow analysis without considering losses

Power flow equations

The speed of each component

The torque of each component

The power of each component

Power flow types in MATG

Software implementation and application examples

Software framework

Applications for analysis

Example 1

Example 2

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References