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Abstract

Singapore’s population is rapidly ageing, and the city-state is expected to be a super-aged society by 2030. The difficulties and experiences of caregivers of older adults are gaining attention, and various measures to support them have been implemented. Yet, caregivers continue to face challenges ranging from financial difficulties to mental and emotional issues. Qualitative research can provide in-depth understanding on challenges faced by caregivers and how they manage their responsibilities, thus informing both policy and practice. This review aims to synthesize qualitative evidence on the lived experiences and coping strategies of unpaid informal caregivers of community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. A literature search will be conducted on CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Relevant websites will also be searched for grey literature. All citations will be screened by two reviewers independently. For included studies, two reviewers will independently: (a) extract data, (b) appraise quality, and (c) assess confidence in review findings. Thematic synthesis will be used to synthesize all included studies. The findings of this review are expected to increase understanding of Singaporean caregivers’ circumstances and highlight implications for interventions and/or policy development.

Keywords

caregiver caregiving burden qualitative systematic review protocol Singapore experiences coping strategies

Introduction

Singapore is a city-state in Southeast Asia experiencing both a rapidly ageing population and decreasing birthrate. The number of residents aged 65 and above is expected to increase to 25% by 2030 (Ministry of Health, 2023), turning Singapore into a super-aged society (Prime Minister’s Office Singapore, 2023). Meanwhile, the decreasing birthrate suggests that there will be fewer young adults caring for the ageing population (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2024). The issue of caregivers and their burden is gaining prominence in Singapore, with increased media attention and new government policies to provide support (Ang, 2024; Ng & Yang, 2024; Tan, 2023), as well as an increase in studies on caregivers over the years (Bautista, Li, & Malhotra, 2018; Gao et al., 2024). Like their global counterparts, Singaporean caregivers experience anxiety, burden, depression, health issues, and lower quality of life (Lim-Soh et al., 2023; Loo et al., 2021; Sung et al., 2021).

Caregivers are a diverse group and have varied caregiving experiences. Caregivers’ age, gender, ethnicity, relationship with care recipient, family unit, country of residence and care recipients’ health condition are some factors that affect caregivers’ burden, experiences, and coping strategies (Devi et al., 2020; Konerding et al., 2019; Sung et al., 2021; Tay et al., 2021; Tyagi et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2021). Caregivers’ coping strategies also affect their eventual caregiving experiences. Those who positively reframe their situation and see it as an opportunity for growth tend to be more satisfied (Yuan et al., 2023). Similarly, caregivers seeking support from their social networks were able to validate their experiences and cope better (Tuomola et al., 2016). Conversely, caregivers who detach from the situation often experience high distress (Ong et al., 2022).

A study on female caregivers in Singapore found that their sociodemographic profile influenced their caregiving experiences and coping strategies. Often, female caregivers were thrusted into caregiving roles due to their gender and unmarried status (AWARE, 2019). Many were unemployed, having left their jobs to focus on caregiving, and received limited financial support from family. Thus, their experiences and coping strategies revolved around mitigating financial stress, being mindful of spending, and selling whatever they can to manage current expenses.

In Asian societies like Singapore, filial piety influences caregivers’ experiences and coping strategies too. Caregivers may cope by seeing caregiving as a mean to repay their parents (Basnyat & Chang, 2021; Koo et al., 2021; Mehta & Leng, 2017) Due to filial obligations, caregivers may avoid external care options that can ease their burden. Filial piety is often cited as a reason for caregivers’ preference to care for their dependents at home over care services like nursing homes (Huang et al., 2016; Ong et al., 2022). Such decisions can however increase caregivers’ stress. A recent study found that caregivers of persons with severe dementia wished for the death of their dependents (Balasubramanian, Chaudhry, Poco, Malhotra, & PISCES study group, 2024). This wish was driven in part by caregivers’ perception of their dependents’ poor quality of life and higher dependency. Caregivers often struggle with guilt while balancing filial responsibilities and personal needs. Current interventions mainly provide training or practical assistance (Penkunas et al., 2018; Towle et al., 2020), and there is a gap in supporting caregivers through such difficult experiences (Gao et al., 2024).

In sum, Singaporean caregivers face a myriad of difficulties that are rooted within a unique cultural and social context. Hence, this review will focus on the lived experiences and coping strategies of family caregivers of older adults in Singapore. We hope that this review will foster an increased understanding of Singaporean’s caregivers’ circumstances and lead to the design of interventions better tailored to local caregivers’ experiences, as well as useful policy recommendations.

Review Question(s)

What are the lived experiences and coping strategies of unpaid informal caregivers of community-dwelling older adults in Singapore?

Inclusion Criteria

Participants

This review will include studies examining either experiences or coping strategies of unpaid informal caregivers of older adults in Singapore. For this review, unpaid informal caregivers refer to those providing unpaid and non-professional care to a dependent person with whom they have a relationship, such as a family member or friends (Leonard I. Pearlin et al., 1990; Roth et al., 2015). Community-dwelling older adults refer to those aged 60 and above and living in the community (i.e., neither institutionalized nor hospitalized), but require some form of assistance or care from a caregiver. Details of inclusion criteria can be found in Table 1.

Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

	Inclusion	Exclusion
Participants	Unpaid informal caregivers of community-dwelling older adults who require some assistance or care	Caregivers who are migrant domestic workers
	To be considered as community-dwelling, older adults must not be institutionalized at any point in time during the study	Professional caregivers such as nurses
		Older adults who are institutionalized
Phenomenon of interest	Experiences and coping strategies of unpaid informal caregivers	N/A
Context	Community setting in Singapore	Not in Singapore
Context	Community setting in Singapore	Non-community settings such as hospitals or nursing homes
Types of sources	Qualitative studies, mixed-methods studies, grey literature such as organizational reports and unpublished thesis that collected data using qualitative methods	Quantitative studies

Phenomenon of Interest

All studies exploring the experiences and/or coping strategies of unpaid informal caregivers via qualitative methods, including mixed-methods studies, will be included. A previous study on lived experiences of caregivers identified three essential themes making up the caregiving experience, namely: (a) transitioning into caregiving, (b) adapting to caregiving, and (c) sustaining caregiving responsibilities (Chan et al., 2019). Lived experiences encompass both the experience of providing caregiving, such as the physical strain from bathing, lifting, and feeding care recipients, as well as the experience of the caregiver in managing their own needs and responsibilities (Han & Jupri, 2013). Caregivers’ experience with their own needs and responsibilities can include the stress from balancing work and caregiving, or finding time for respite (Chan et al., 2019). Coping strategies refer to behaviors made by individuals to manage stressful situations and usually occur at the adapting and sustaining stages of the caregiving experience (Chan et al., 2019; Leonard I Pearlin & Schooler, 1978). Types of coping strategies include problem-focused coping, detachment, wishful thinking, seeking social support, and focusing on the positive (Scherer et al., 1988).

Context

This review will include studies focusing on the community setting in Singapore. Studies focusing on any other countries or settings (e.g., hospitals or nursing homes) will be excluded.

Type of Sources

Both qualitative and mixed-methods peer-reviewed publications, and relevant grey literature such as organizational reports that are published in English will be considered.

Methods

The review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024595132). This protocol adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Protocols (PRISMA-P) (Moher et al., 2015). The proposed review will be reported in accordance with the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement (Tong et al., 2012).

Search Strategy

The search strategy for databases aims to locate published primary studies. The full search strategy was developed with the help of a senior medical librarian from a university in Singapore. Broad terms were used for the search strategy to avoid missing out on relevant studies. The search strategy will be adapted for each included information source. A sample of our search strategy can be found in Appendix 1. The reference list of all studies selected for critical appraisal will be screened for additional studies. There will be no restrictions on the time period, and only studies published in English will be included. The databases to be searched include CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Sources of unpublished studies and grey literature to be searched include websites of research centers focusing on aging issues, thesis repositories of local universities, and the website of an advocacy organization with a history of conducting research on caregivers. The full list of websites and thesis repositories can be found in Appendix 2.

Study Selection

Following the search, all identified citations will be collated and uploaded into Covidence and duplicates removed (Covidence, nd). Each citation’s title and abstract will be screened by two independent reviewers against the inclusion criteria. Full texts of potentially relevant papers will be retrieved and uploaded into Covidence and will be assessed against the inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. Reasons for exclusion of full-text studies will be recorded and reported in the systematic review. Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers at each stage of the study selection process will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. The results of the search will be reported in full in the final systematic review and presented in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow (Page et al., 2021).

Data Collection and Analysis

Assessment of Methodological Quality

Eligible studies will be critically appraised by two independent reviewers for methodological quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Studies Checklist (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, nd). Disagreements between reviewers will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. The results of critical appraisal will be reported in narrative form and in a table. All studies will be included in the review, regardless of their methodological quality.

Data Extraction

A data extraction form (see Appendix 3) will be adapted from the standardized JBI data extraction tool to extract information on participants, setting, method, and phenomena of interest relevant to the review (Joanna Briggs Institute, 2024). These data will be extracted by two independent reviewers using Covidence, and missing data will be requested from the authors. Any disagreements in data extraction arising between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. For the results, all text labelled as ‘results’ or ‘findings’ in included studies will be entered verbatim into NVivo for qualitative data analysis using a thematic synthesis approach as recommended by Thomas and Harden (Thomas & Harden, 2008).

Data Synthesis

Thematic synthesis will be used, and we will follow the three stage approach by Thomas and Harden (Thomas & Harden, 2008). First, reviewers will independently code each line of text according to its content and meaning, allowing for the translation of concepts across studies. Reviewers will use inductive coding, and as far as possible, use words from the original data to ensure codes remain close to the data’ original meaning (Saldaña, 2013). Second, similarities and differences between codes will be explored to facilitate the grouping of codes, and descriptive themes will be created to capture the meaning of each code grouping. NVivo’s functions will be used to aid the process of identifying links between codes (Lumivero, nd; Saldaña, 2013). Third, reviewers will independently use descriptive themes to form statements to answer the review questions and consider implications for policy and/or intervention development before discussing as a group to achieve agreement. For instance, impossibility of balancing caregiving and work and cost of caregiving could be two descriptive themes leading to a statement such as caregiving causes caregivers to experience negative cashflow for their foreseeable future. Policy implications could then include compensating caregivers or regulations for flexible work arrangements. Data synthesis will be performed using NVivo 14. Memos on the development of codes into descriptive themes will be taken so that reviewers can reflect on the potential influences of their biases.

Confidence in Cumulative Evidence

The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation – Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE-CERQual) will be used to assess the level of confidence for the findings of this qualitative systematic review (Lewin et al., 2018). Each review finding is assessed on four domains: (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data, and (4) relevance, after which an overall confidence finding will be assigned. A Summary of Qualitative Findings Table containing: (1) review findings, (2) citations of studies contributing to review findings, (3) assessment of confidence in the evidence, and (4) explanation for the CERQual assessment, will be created. The assessments for each review finding will be made through discussion between two reviewers.

Discussion

The aims of this review are to consolidate the experiences and coping strategies of family caregivers of community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. Previous reviews in this area focused on the measurement of caregiving burden and identifying associated factors, or exploring the influence of interventions and care services on caregiving (Gao et al., 2024; Loo et al., 2021). To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first qualitative systematic review and synthesis focusing on the lived experiences and coping strategies of caregivers in Singapore. The focus on lived experiences and coping strategies can increase understanding of Singaporean caregivers’ circumstances and provide explanations for some previous findings.

It is common practice in Singapore to engage lived-in paid foreign domestic workers as caregivers for older persons. A previous review found mixed results on the effect of foreign domestic workers on caregiving outcomes such as burden (Loo et al., 2021). Perhaps caregivers who cope via problem-solving may experience lower burden with the additional support, while others may be disappointed if they expect the foreign domestic worker to be a panacea for their caregiving woes.

In sum, the findings of this qualitative systematic review are expected to foster an increased understanding of Singaporean caregivers’ circumstances, thus highlighting further areas for research, and providing relevant information to guide policy and/or intervention development.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material - Lived Experiences and Coping Strategies of Unpaid Informal Caregivers of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Singapore: A Qualitative Systematic Review Protocol

Supplemental Material for Lived Experiences and Coping Strategies of Unpaid Informal Caregivers of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Singapore: A Qualitative Systematic Review Protocol by Jonathan Gao, Nai Ze Ling, Tan Woan Shin, June Teng Poh Hoon, Neo Yu Wei and Chan Ee Yuee in International Journal of Qualitative Methods

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work is supported by a grant from the National Medical Research Council (MOH-001068-01). The funders had no role in this study.

ORCID iD

Jonathan Gao

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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