Carotid-cavernous fistulas are abnormal arteriovenous communications either directly between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus or between the dural branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. These fistulas predominantly present with ocular manifestations and they are treated mainly by endovascular techniques in most cases. A detailed review of the literature allowed us to make a complete analysis of the information available on the topic. We describe a case of a direct carotid-cavernous fistula occluded by endovascular implantation of a covered stent, showing the persistence of results after three years.
AlexanderMJSmithTPTucciDL: Treatment of an iatrogenic petrous carotid artery pseudoaneurysm with a Symbiot covered stent: Technical case report. Neurosurgery50: 658–662, 2002.
2.
ArchondakisEPeroG: Angiographic follow-up of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas treated with endovascular stent graft placement. Am J Neuroradiol28: 342–347, 2007.
3.
BarrowDLSpectorRH: Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas. J Neurosurg62: 248–256, 1985.
4.
ChiaradioJCGuzmanL: Intravascular graft stent treatment of a ruptured fusiform dissecting aneurysm of the intracranial vertebral artery. Neurosurgery50: 213–216, 2002.
5.
CohenJESavvasGGomoriJM: Petrous carotid artery pseudoaneurysm in bilateral carotid fibromuscular dysplasia: Treatment by means of self-expanding covered stent. Surgical Neurology68(2): 220, 2007.
6.
DebrunGMViñuelaF: Indications for treatment and classification of 132 carotid cavernous fistulas. Neurosurgery22: 285–289, 1988.
7.
ElsnerMAuch-SchwelkW: Coronary stent grafts covered by a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. Am J Cardiol84: 335–338, 1999.
8.
FelberSHenkesH: Treatment of extracranial and intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae using stent grafts. Neurosurgery55: 631–639, 2004.
9.
GomezFEscobarW: Treatment of Carotid Cavernous Fistulas Using Covered Stents: Midterm Results in Seven Patients. Am J Neuroradiol28: 1762, 2007.
10.
GuglielmiGViñuelaF: Carotid-cavernous fistula caused by a ruptured intracavernous aneurysm: Endovascular treatment by electrothrombosis with detachable coils. Neurosurgery31: 591–596, 1992.
11.
HalbachVVHigashidaRT: Transvenous embolization of direct carotid cavernous fistulas. Am J Neuroradiol9: 741–749, 1988.
12.
HalbachVVHigashidaRT: Transarterial platinum coil embolization of carotid cavernous fistula. Am J Neuroradiol12: 429–433, 1991.
13.
IslakCKocerN: Bare stent graft technique: A new method of endoluminal vascular reconstruction for the treatment of giant and fusiform aneurysms. Am J Neuroradiol23: 1589–1595, 2002.
14.
KocerNKizilkilikO: Treatment of iatrogenic internal carotid artery laceration and carotid cavernous fistula with endovascular stent-graft placement. Am J Neuroradiol23: 442–446, 2002.
15.
La TessaGPasqualettoL: Traumatic carotid cavernous fistula: Failure of endovascular treatment with two stent-grafts. Interventional Neuroradiology11: 369–375, 2005.
16.
LewisAITomsickTATewJMJr: Management of 100 consecutive direct carotid-cavernous fistulas: Results of treatment with detachable balloons. Neurosurgery36: 239–245, 1995.
17.
LewisAITomsickTA: Long-term results in direct carotid-cavernous fistulas after treatment with detachable balloons. J Neurosurg84: 400–404, 1996.
18.
MarottaTRBullerC: Autologous veincovered stent repair of a cervical internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm: Technical case report. Neurosurgery42: 408–412, 1998.
19.
MayJWhiteG: Transluminal placement of a prosthetic graft-stent device for treatment of subclavian artery aneurysm. J Vasc Surg18: 1056–1059, 1993.
20.
LiMing-HuaGaoBu-Lang: Management of pseudoaneurysm in the intracranial segment of the ICA with covered stents specially designed for use in the intracranial vasculature: Technical notes. Neuroradiology48: 841–846, 2006.
21.
RedekopGMarottaTWeillA: Treatment of traumatic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas of the skull base by using endovascular stents. J Neurosurg95: 412–419, 2001.
22.
SaatciICekirgeHS: Treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms with covered stent: Experience in 24 patients with mid-term follow-up results. Am J Neuroradiol25: 1742–1749, 2004.
23.
SellarR: The use of intra-cranial covered stents to treat a dural fistula. Neurointerventionalist3: 74–76, 2002.
24.
SencerSMinareciMPoyanliA: Treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistula. Am J Neuroradiol20: 1465–1466, 1999.
25.
SingerRJDakeMD: Covered stent placement for neurovascular disease. Am J Neuroradiol18: 507–509, 1996.
26.
TengMHChangCY: Cavernous fistulas. Am J Neuroradiol21: 1753–1756, 2000.
27.
TuY-KLiuH-MHuS-C: Direct surgery of carotid cavernous fistulae and dural arteriovenous malformations of the cavernous sinus. Neurosurgery41: 798–806, 1997.
28.
WeberWHenkesH: Cure of a direct carotid cavernous fistula by endovasculat stent deployment. Cerebrovascular disease12: 272–275, 2001.
