Abstract
Anaemia is associated with increased perinatal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, behavioural changes and impaired mental development, decreased work performance, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and impaired immune competence. Iron-deficiency anaemia is an intractable problem, as indicated by the goal set by world leaders of reducing nutritional anaemia to one-third of 1990 levels by the year 2000, compared with the goals of virtually eliminating deficiencies of vitamin A and of iodine during the same period. To a large extent, this is because intake is less associated with status for iron than for iodine and vitamin A. The demand for iron varies throughout the life cycle, and the bioavailability of iron varies over a wide range because of a number of factors, such as the species of iron compound, the molecular linkage, the amount of nutrient consumed in a meal, the matrix in which the nutrient is incorporated, the absorption modifiers, the nutrient status of the host, genetic factors, other host-related factors, and interactions among factors.