Leucaena leucocephala is one of the fastest-growing leguminous trees. Its foliage is used as animal feed, and its leaves and seeds are used as human food in Central America, Indonesia, and Thailand. Mimosine, the toxic, non-protein amino acid in Leucaena, causes alopecia, growth retardation, cataract, goitre, decreased fertility, and mortality in non-ruminants. The mechanism of this toxicity is complicated. Mimosine probably exerts its toxic action by blocking the metabolic pathways of aromatic amino acids and tryptophan; by chelating metals; by antagonizing the action of vitamin B6; by inhibiting DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; by exerting adverse effects on collagen biosynthesis; and by interfering in the metabolism of some amino acids, primarily glycine. Besides mimosine, other anti-nutritional and toxic factors in L. leucocephala add to its toxicity. Heat, moisture, chemical treatments, ensiling, rotation feeding, cutting management of the plant, new hybrids, introducing micro-organisms into the rumen of ruminants that are unable to detoxify mimosine, and preparing protein isolate from Leucaena seeds have all been used to overcome mimosine toxicity.
References
1.
Chandrasekhara RaoT., LakshminarayanaG., PrasadN.B.L., Sagan Mohan RaoS., AzeemoddinG., Atchynta RamayyaD., Thirumala RaoS.D.Characteristics and compositions of Carissa spinarum, Leucaena leucocephala and Physalis minima seeds and oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc1984; 61: 1472–3.
2.
Jagan Mohan RaoS., AzeemoddinG.Recovery of lecithin and refining of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) seed oil. J Oil Technol Assoc India1988; 20: 12. 16–7.
3.
RelwaniL.L., RangnekarD.V.Forests for fuel- social forestry-the second green revolution. Sci Today1981; 15: 48–50.
KrishnanS., LalithaK.Interactive metabolic regulations during biomethanation of Leucaena leucocephala. Appl Biochem Biotechnol1990; 26: 7384.
6.
ToraneJ.V., LokhandeC.D., PawarS.H.Some studies on anaerobic decomposition of Leucaena leucocephala leaves. Energy Sources1990; 12: 25–32.
7.
RushkinF.R. ed. Leucaena: promising forage and tree crops for the tropics. 2nd ed. National Research Council.Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1984.
8.
RanjhanS.K.Feeds and fodders-cultivation of green forage and their nutritive characteristics. In: RanjanS.K., ed. Animal nutrition and feeding practices in India.New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.1977: 10532.
9.
CatchpooleD.W., BlairGal. Forage tree legumes. III. Release of nitrogen from leaf, feces and urine derived from Leucaena and Gliricidia leaf Aust J Agric Res1990; 41: 539–47.
10.
SandhuJ., SinhaM., AmbashtR.S.Nitrogen release from decomposing litter of Leucaena leucocephala in the dry tropics. Soil Biol Biochem1990; 22: 859–63.
11.
TamaiM., DomingoA.L., NagatomoY., TakakiH.Nitrogen release from some green manure crops of the Philippines under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Kenkyu Hokoku-Miyazaki Daigaku Nogakubu1990; 36: 289–301.
12.
BuckeridgeM.S., DietrichS.M.C., MalufA.M.Galactomannan in seeds of different populations of Leucaena leucocephala. Rev Brasil Bot1987; 10: 25–7.
13.
RavalD.K., PatelR.G., PatelV.S.Synthesis and characterization of Leucaena glauca gum esters. Starch/ Staerke1988; 40: 285–7.
14.
BrewbakerJ.L.Systematics, self incompatibility, breeding systems and genetic improvements of Leucaena species. In: ChouinardA., ed. Leucaena research in the Asian-Pacific region-Proceedings of a workshop held in Singapore, Nov 1982. Ottawa: IDRC, 1983: 17–22.
15.
VargasC., MartinezL.J., MegiasM., QuintoC.Identification and cloning of nodulation genes and host specificity determinants of the broad host-range Rhizobium Leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strain CIAT 899. Mol Microbiol1990; 4: 1899–910.
16.
SangingaN., MulongoyK., AyanabaA.Nodulation and growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit as affected by inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer. Plant Soil1988; 112: 129–35.
17.
ShuklaA.N., SharmaP.C., SheelS.K.Effects of fungicidal seed dressing and other treatments on the germination and growth of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) (Lam) de Wit. Indian J Forest1990; 13: 97–104.
18.
SaikiaC.N., BaruahJ.N., DassN.N.Homogeneous esterification of high alpha-cellulose extracted from Leucaena leucocephala and Hibiscus cannabinus. Indian J Fibre Text Res1991; 16: 213–7.
19.
JonesR.J., Le FeuvreR.P., PlayneM.J.Loss of dry matter, nitrogen, minerals and fiber fractions from nylon bags containing Leucaena leucocephala and two Calliandra species in the rumen. Anim Feed Sci Technol1992; 37: 297–307.
20.
NaiduR., SyersJ.K.Influence of sugarcane millmud, lime, and phosphorus, on soil chemical properties and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala in an oxisol from Fiji. Bioresour Technol1992; 41: 65–70.
21.
NegiJ.S., PrabhakarD.B., WazirS.S., ChawlaJ.S.Utilization of coppiced Leucaena stems for composite boards. Res Ind1992; 37: 95–9.
22.
D'MelloJ.P.F., ThomasD.Animal feed. In: Rushkin FR, ed. Leucaena: promising forage and tree crops for the tropics.Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1977: 30–2.
23.
Ter MeulenU., StruckS., SchulkeE., El-HarithE.A.A review on the nutritive value and toxic aspects of Leucaena leucocephala. Trop Anim Prod1979; 4: 113–26.
24.
KaleA.U.Nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala (subabul). Doctoral thesis, University of Bombay, 1987.
25.
KewalramaniN., RamchandraK.S., UpadhyayU.S., GuptaV.K.Proximate composition, mimosine and mineral contents of Leucaena sp. and hybrids. Indian J Anim Sci1987; 57: 1117–20.
26.
ExcobarA., AlfonsoH.A., RamirezR., ConyedoR.Mimosine contents in three Leucaena cultivars. Rev Salud Anim1988; 10: 116–20.
27.
YadavP.S., YadavI.S.Proximate composition, tannin and mimosine content in different parts of cultivars of subabul. Indian J Anim Sci1988; 58: 953–8.
28.
HongoF., KawashimaY., TawataS., SunagawaK., MoromizatoS.Studies on chemical composition and mimosine content of Leucaena leucocephala de Wit. Ryukyu Daigaku Nogakubu Gokujutsu Hokoku1987; 34: 51–7.
29.
AkbarM.A., GuptaP.C.Proximate composition and tannin and mineral contents of various plant parts of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala). Indian J Anim Sci1985; 55: 808–12.
30.
AkbarM.A., GuptaP.C.Mimosine in subabul Leucaena leucocephala). Indian J Dairy Sci1984; 37: 287–9.
31.
JonesR.J., MegarrityR.G.Comparative toxicity responses of goats fed on Leucaena leucocephala in Australia and Hawaii. Aust J Agric Res1983; 34: 781–90.
32.
D'MelloJ.P.F., FraserK.W.The composition of leaf meal from Leucaena leucocephala. Trop Sci1981; 23: 75–8.
33.
DeshmukhA.P., DoiphodeD.S., DesaleJ.S., DeshmukhV.D.Chemical composition of subabul as influenced by types and growth stages. J Maharashtra Agric Univ1987; 12: 25–7.
34.
TangendjajaB., LowryJ.B., WillisR.B.H.Changes in imosine, phenol, protein and fibre content of Leucaena leucocephala leaf during growth and development. Aust J Exp Agric1986; 26: 315–7.
35.
SilvaD.H., HaagH.P.Mineral nutrition of tropical legumes III. Concentration and accumulation of macronutrients and determination of dry matter digestibility in vivo of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. Peru as a function of age. Escola Superior de Agricultural “Lutz de Queiroz” Boletin, Univ Sao Paulo, 1982; 39: 505–38.
36.
CastilloL.S., GerpacioA.L., JavierT.R., GloriaL.A., GerpacioC.P.Quantitative changes in nutrient composition of ipil-ipil leaf meal during storage. Philipp Agric1962–63; 46: 681–700.
37.
ChakrabortiN., MadalL., BanerjeeG.C.Chemical composition of some common tree leaves. Indian Vet J1988; 65: 145–9.
38.
AlliI., FairbairnR., NarooziE., BakerB.E.The effects of molasses on the fermentation of chopped wholeplant Leucaena. J Sci Food Agric1984; 35: 285–9.
39.
JamesC.S.Studies on goat nutrition. I. Suitability of Leucaena leucocephala as a fodder for stall fed goats. Kerala J Vet Sci1978; 9: 192–8.
40.
JamesC.S., ThomasC.T., KunjikuttyN.A note on the chemical composition and tannic acid content of the locally available tree leaves. Kerala J Vet Sci1977; 8: 247–9.
41.
ChouS-T, RossE.Comparative vitamin K activity of dehydrated alfalfa and Leucaena leucocephala meal. Poultry Sci1964; 44: 9724.
42.
CompereR.Toxicologic study of Leucaena glauca in cattle. Bull Agric Congo Belge1959; 50: 1311–20.
43.
DuBoisJ.D., WinterH.C., DekkerE.E.Free amino acid pools, 15N nitrogen fixation and fixed nitrogen assimilation in Leucaena leucocephala var. K-8. Am J Bot 199(); 77: 316–22.
44.
GirdharN., LallD., PathakN.N.Effect of feeding Leucaena leucocephala as the sole ration on nutrient utilization and body weight in goats. J Agric Sci1991; 116: 303–7.
45.
HongoF., TanakaA., KawashimaY., TawataS., SunagawaK.The effects of various kinds of mimosine reduced Leucaena meal on rats. Jpn J Zootech Sci1988; 59: 688–700.
46.
LowryJ.B., CookN., WilsonR.D.Flavonol glycoside distribution in cultivars and hybrids of Leucaena leucocephala. J Sci Food Agric1984; 35: 401–7.
47.
MoritoN., ArisawaM., NagaesM., HsuH-Y, ChenY.P.The nutritive value of dried Leucaena leaf meal from Malawi: studies with young chicks. Shoyakugaku Zasshi1977; 31: 172–4.
48.
SiegelS.M., PuernerN.J., SpeitelT.W.Release of volatile mercury from vascular plants. Physiol Plant1974; 32: 174–6.
BensonA.M., YasunobuK.T.The amino acid sequence of ferredoxins from Leucaena glauca. J Biol Chem1969; 244: 955–63.
51.
AglibutF.B., CartilloL.S.Estrogen content of legumes in the Philippines. Philipp Agric1963; 46: 673–80.
52.
MorimotoJ.Y., UnrauI.C.J., UnrauA.M.Chemical and physical properties and the enzymatic degradation of some tropical plant gums. J Agric Food Chem1962; 10: 134–7.
53.
HilalS.H., SaberA.H., HaggagM.Y., El-ZalabaniS.M.Ahmed FIF. Protein, common amino acids and mimosine contents of Leucaena glauca Benth cultivated in Egypt. Egypt J Pharm Sci1991; 32: 91101.
54.
FarinuG.O., AjiboyeS.O., AjaoS.Chemical composition and nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate from Leucaena leucocephala. J Sci Food Agric1992; 59: 127–9.
55.
D'MelloJ.P.F., TaplinD.E.Leucaena leucocephala in poultry diets for the tropics. World Rev Anim Prod1978; 24: 41–7.
56.
SoniP.L., SharmaH., SharmaS.Structure elucidation of the oligosaccharides isolated from Leucaena leucocephala (subabul) gum polysaccharides. Indian J Chem, Sect B1991; 30B: 843–8.
57.
SutiknoA.I., DarmaJ., PrasetyoH., TernakB.P.Mimosine content in the sap of Leucaena species resistant and susceptible to Heteropsylla cubana Crawford. Toxicol Environ Chem1991; 33: 79–83.
58.
RushkinF.R. ed. Leucaena. Promising forage and tree crops for the tropics.Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1977.
59.
AdeneyeJ.A.Mimosine content in various fractions of Leucaena leucocephala grown in western Nigeria. Anim Feed Sci Technol1991; 33: 349–53.
60.
KasthuriR., SadasivamS.Note on the effect of cutting on the level of mimosine in Leucaena. Indian Forest1991; 117: 577–9.
61.
SethiP.Nutritional and biochemical aspects of Leucaena leucocephala. Doctoral thesis, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, 1989.
62.
HossainM.A., AlamM., HuqM.S.Studies on the composition of ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) seed oil. Dhaka Univ Stud, Part B1988; 36: 163–9.
63.
ChowdburyA.R., BanerjiR., MisraG., NigamS.K.Studies on leguminous seeds. J Am Oil Chem Soc1984; 61: 1023–4.
64.
VermaM., ChandraS.Chemical examination of Leucaena glauca. Q J Crude Drug Res1979; 17: 111–2.
65.
JonesQ., EarleF.R.Chemical analysis of seeds. II. Oil and protein content of 759 species. Econ Bot1966; 20: 127–55.
66.
KafukuK., HataC.Seed oils of Formosan plants. IX. Constituents of various seed oils of Leguminosae. J Chem Soc Jpn1934; 55: 369–75.
67.
FelkerP., BandurskiR.S.Protein and amino acid come position of tree legume seeds. J Sci Food Agric1977; 28: 791–7.
68.
PadillaS.P., SolivenF.A.Chemical analysis for possible sources of forty-five species of oil-bearing seeds. Philipp Agric1933; 22: 408–15.
69.
PadmavathyP., ShobhaS.Effect of processing on protein quality and mimosine content of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala). J Food Sci Technol1987; 24: 180–2.
70.
SethiP., KilkarniP.R.In vitro protein digestibility of Leucaena leucocephala seed kernels and protein isolate. Food Chem1993; 46: 159–62.
71.
Perez-GilR.F., ArellanoM.L., BourgesR.H., PinalO.A.M.Traditional and non-traditional food. II. Chemical composition of Leucaena esculenta and its utilization as human food. Technol Aliment (Mexico City)1987; 22(1): 20, 22, 24, 26.
72.
SoteloA., LucasB., UvalleA., GiralF.Chemical composition and toxic factors content of sixteen leguminous seeds. Q J Crude Drug Res1980; 18: 9–16.
73.
KulkarniA.S., KhotpalR.R., LokhandeA.R., BhakareH.A.Glycolipid composition of subabul, ritha and kusum seed oils of Vidarbha region. J Food Sci Technol1992; 29: 179–81.
74.
MitsuhashiT., OhtsuboM., EndoS.Seed oils from two species of Leguminosae. Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Kiyo, Dai-4-Bu1972; 24: 125–9.
75.
KhalidS., ShahidG., AfzaN., HussainS.S., BadarY., SattarA., KhanS.A.The fatty acids of indigenous resources for possible industrial applications. Part XVIII. the fatty acid composition of the fixed oils of Leucaena leucocephala and Cassia holosericea. Pak J Sci Ind Res1989; 32: 643–5.
76.
AgrawalA., JainR., PitreK.S., GargC.Polarographic analysis of the fatty acids from Leucaena leucocephala. Seifen, Oele, Fette, Wachse1988; 114: 801–2.
77.
AhmedM., ChaudharyF.M., AhmadM.Studies on the fixed oil of the seeds of Leucaena leucocephala. Part 1. Pak J Sci Ind Res1988; 31: 428–9.
78.
MajumderSHMH, ChowdburyM.H.Studies on the physicochemical properties of Leucaena leucocephala (ipil-ipil) seed oil and analysis of its seed cake. Chittagong Univ Stud, Part 2, 1987; 11: 93–9.
79.
MirallesJ.Study on unsaponifiable fraction of Albizzia lebbeck Benth and Leucaena glauca Benth oils. Rev Fr Corps Gras1982; 29: 79–80.
80.
GuerereM., MondonJ.M., PajaniayeA.Physicochemical composition of seeds from several plants from the Isle of Reunion. Ann Falsif Expert Chil Toxicol1984; 77: 523–9.
81.
FordC.W.Simultaneous quantitative determination of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose by invertase hydrolysis and gas-liquid chromatography. J Sci Food Agric1979; 30: 853–8.
82.
HerisseyH., MascreM.Presence of stachyose (mannotetrose) in the seed of Leucaena glauca Benth (Mimoseae). J Pharm Chem1941; 9: 521–3.
83.
PlouvierV.The cyclitols in some botanical groups; L-inositol of the composites and p-pinotol of the legumes. Compt Rend1962; 255: 1770–2.
84.
BeveridgeR.J., FordC.W., RichardsG.N.Polysaccharides of tropical pasture herbage. Vll. Identification of a new pinitol galactoside from seeds of Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) and analysis of several pasture legume seeds for cyclohexitols and their galactosides. Aust J Chem1977; 30: 1583–90.
85.
UnrauA.M.The constitution of a galactomannan from the seed of Leucaena glauca. J Org Chem1961; 26: 3097–101.
McClearyB.V.Enzymic hydrolysis, fine structure and gelling interaction of legume-seed D-galacto-D-mannans. Carbohydr Res1979; 71: 205–30.
88.
FengY-H. Analysis of the galactomannan gums in 24 seeds of Leguminosae. Chih Wu Hsueh Pao1980; 22: 302–4.
89.
AroraS.K., JoshiU.N.Carbobydrate make up of green, fully ripened pods and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala. Starch/Staerke1985; 37: 109–11.
90.
RavalD.K., PatelR.G., PatelV.S.Rheological properties of Leucaena glauca gum in aqueous solutions. Starch/Staerke1988; 40: 214–8.
91.
KamelM., RaghebA., HaggagK., AbdEl-Thalout 1Isolation, chemical modification, and rheological characterization. Starch/Staerke1992; 44: 374–8.
92.
AndersonD.M.W., DouglasD.M.B.The composition of the proteinaceous gums exuded by some Leucaena species, subspecies and hybrids. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish (Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shil)1988; 2: 247–53.
93.
AndersonD.M.W., HowlettJ.F., McNabC.G.A.The hydroxyproline content of gum exudates from several plant genera. Phytochemistry1986; 26: 309–11.
94.
PatelM.V., RavalD.K., PatelR.G., PatelV.S.Modification and characterization of Leucaena glauca seed gum by graft copolymerization with acrylonitrile. Starch/ Staerke1990; 42: 226–9.
95.
RavalD.K., PatelM.V., PatelR.G., PatelV.S.Prospective study of vinyl grafting onto Leucaena glauca seed gum and guar gum by hydrogen peroxide initiation. Starch/ Staerke1991; 43: 483–7.
96.
MaliJ.M., KuteL.S., JambhaleN.D., KadamS.S.Effect of heat processing on anti-nutrients in Leucaena seeds. Indian J Anim Sci1990; 60: 383–5.
97.
LesniakA.P.Purification and characterization of α-hemagglutinins in Leucaena leucocephala and Leptogorgia virgulata. Diss Abstr Int B1983; 44: 985–6.
98.
HegartyM.P., LeeC.P., ChristieG.S., CourtR.D., HaydockK.P.The goitrogen 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone, a ruminal metabolite from Leucaena leucocephala: effects in mice and rats. Aust J Biol Sci1979; 32: 27–40.
99.
HegartyM.P., SchinckelP.G., CourtR.D.Reaction of sheep to the consumption of Leucaena glauca and to its toxic principle mimosine. Aust J Agric Res1964; 15: 153–67.
100.
LowryJ.B.Detoxification of Leucaena by enzymic or microbial processes. In: ChouinardA., ed. Leucaena research in the Asian-Pacific region—Proceedings of a workshop held in Singapore, Nov 1982. Ottawa: IDRC, 1983: 49–54.
101.
ThomasD., AddyB.L.Stall-fed beef production in Malawi. World Rev Anim Prod1977; 13: 23–30.
102.
HulmanB., OwenE., PrestonT.R.Comparison of Leucaena leucocephala and groundnut cake as protein sources for beef cattle fed ad libitum molasses/urea in Mauritius. Trop Anim Prod1978; 3: 1–8.
103.
SobaleB.N., KharatS.T., PrasadV.L., JoshiA.L., RangnekarD.V., DeshmukhS.S.Nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala for growing bull calves. Trop Anim Health Food Prod1978; 10: 237–41.
104.
BeaumontJ.H.Report of the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Hawaii Agric Exp Sta Biennial Rep1946/48, 1948: 5–170.
105.
StobbsT.H., FraserJ.S.Composition and processing quality of milk produced from cows grazing some tropical pasture species. Aust J Dairy Technol1971; 26: 100–4.
106.
FloresJ.F., StobbsT.H., MinsonD.J.The influence of the legume Leucaena leucocephala and formal-caseia on the production and composition of milk from grazing cows. J Agric Sci1979; 92: 351–7.
107.
GhatnekarS.D., AutiD.G., KamatV.S.Biomanagement of Leucaena plantations in lon Exchange (India) Ltd. In: ChouinardA., ed. Leucaena research in the Asian-Pacific region Proceedings of a workshop held in Singapore, Nov 1982.Ottawa: IDRC, 1983: 109–12.
108.
HylinJ.W.Toxic peptides and amino acids in foods and feeds. J Agric Food Chem1969; 17: 492–6.
HolmesJ.H.G., HumphreyJ.D., WaltonE.A., O'SheaJ.D.Cataracts, goitre and infertility in cattle grazed on an exclusive diet of Leucaena leucocephala. Aust Vet J1981; 57: 257–61.
111.
TangendjajaB., WillsR.B.H.Analysis of mimosine and 3hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr1980; 202: 3t7–8.
112.
KumarS., SinghA., SareenV.K., MannG.S., SinghS.Degradation of mimosine by rumen fluid and its fractions from buffalo. Indian J Anim Sci1987; 57: 1128–31.
113.
ElliottR., grandsonJ.R., KennyG.J., EvansT.R.Excretion patterns of 3-hydroxy-4(1H) pyridone (DHP) by steers fed a high energy and high fiber diet supplemented with Leucaena leucocephala. J Agric Sci1984; 103: 239–43.
114.
HammondA.C., AllisonM.J., WilliamsM.J., PrineG.M., BatesD.B.Prevention of Leucaena toxicosis of cattle in Florida by ruminal inoculation with 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone-degrading bacteria. Am J Vet Res1989; 50: 2176–80.
115.
BengeMD. In: BengeM.D. ed. Leucaena leucocephala: a tree that defies the woodcutter.Washington, DC: Oflfice of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, 1981; Section 4: 1–23.
116.
SzyszkaM., Ter MeulenU.The acceptable daily intake for mimosine in productive livestock and its importance for the use of Leucaena leucocephala in animal nutrition. Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr1984; 91: 260–2.
117.
JonesR.J., HegartyM.P.The effect of different proportions of Leucaena leucocephala in the diet of cattle on growth, feed intake, thyroid function and urinary excretion of 3-hydroxy4-(1H)-pyridone. Aust J Agric Res1984; 35: 317–25.
118.
PrasadJ., RamachandraK.S.Some trace mineral studies in lambs during experimental Leucaena toxicity. Indian J Anim Sci1989; 59: 188–9.
119.
Dominguez-BelloM.G., StewardC.S.Degradation of mimosine, 2,3-dihydroxypyridine and 3-hydroxy-4(1H)pyridone by bacteria from the rumen of sheep in Venezuela. FEMS Microbiol Ecol1990; 73: 283–9.
120.
ShiromaS., AkashiA.Degradation of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala de Wit by goal rumen microorganisms. Nippon Chikusan Gakkai-ho1976; 47: 739–47.
121.
JonesR.J., LowryJ.B.Australian goats detoxify the goitrogen 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (DHP) after rumen infusion from an Indonesian goat. Experientia1984; 40: 1435–6.
122.
TangendjajaB., LowryJ.B., WillsR.B.Degradation of mimosine and 3-hydroxy-4(1 H)-pyridone (DHP) by Indonesian goats. Trop Anim Prod1985; 10: 39–43.
123.
ElliottR., NortonB.W., MiltonJ.T.B., FordC.W.Effects of molasses on mimosine metabolism in goats fed fresh and dried Leucaena with barley straw. Aust J Agric Res1985; 36: 867–75.
124.
RaiA.K., KhannaN.D., AgarwalS.P.Effect of feeding Leucaena leucocephala with Phaseolus aconitifolius on growth and thyroid status of camel calves. Indian J Anim Sci1992; 62: 297–301.
125.
SchererS., SontagC.Phylogenetic and endosymbiotic implications of the amino acid sequence of 32 plant type ferredoxins. In: Schenk HAE, Schwemmler W. eds. Proceedings of the 2nd international Colloquium of Endocytobiology.Berlin: de Gruyter, 1983: 863–70.
126.
LinY.H., HuangT.C., HuangC.Detoxification of Leucaena leaves as feed by ensilage. Bot Bull Acad Sin1985; 26: 67–81.
127.
LinK-C, LinJ-H, TungT-C. Effect of amino acids on the growth inhibition of rats caused by mimosine. J Formos Med Assoc1964; 63: 278–84.
128.
AbilayT.A., DeanonA.L.S.The influence of native ipilipil (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit leaf meal with or without ferrous sulfate supplementation on the reproductive and histophysiological responses of mature mice (Mus musculus). Philipp J Vet Anim Sci1978; 4: 72–86.
129.
El-HarithE.A., HillerA., Ter MeulenU.The effect of administration of glycine and tyrosine on the growth depression caused by mimosine in rats. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahrg Futtermittelkde1983; 50: 132–7.
130.
BrownW.H.Bayani: ipil ipil uses, potential and production data. In: Benge MD, ed. Leucaena leucocephala: a tree that defies the woodcutter.Washington, DC: Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, 1981: Section 12: 1–22.
131.
BourgesH., Morales de LeonJ.C.An experience in Mexico on the utilisation of non-conventional protein sources. In: Santos W. Lopes N. Barbosa JJ, Chaves D, Valente IC, eds. Nutrition education and food science and technology.New York: Plenum Press, 1980: 277–87.
132.
De WreedeS., WaymanO.Effect of mimosine on the rat fetus. Teratology1970; 3: 21–7.
133.
Van VeenA.G.Toxic properties of some unusual foods. In: Food Protection Committee, ed. Toxicants occurring naturally in foods.Washington, DC: NAS/NRC1966: 17482.
134.
TuntawiroonM., SritongkulN., BruneM., Rossander-HultenL., PleehachindaR., SuwanikR., HallbergL.Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of phenolic come pounds in foods on nonheme-iron absorption in men. Am J Clin Nutr1991; 52: 554–7.
135.
LowryJ.B., TangendjajaM., TangendjajaB.Autolysis of mimosine to 3-hydroxy-4-(1H) pyridone in green tissues of Leucaena leucocephala. J Sci Food Agric1983; 34: 529–33.
136.
HylinJ.W.Biosynthesis of mimosine. Phytochemistry1964; 3: 1614.
137.
TiwariH.P., PenroseW.R., SpencerI.D.Biosynthesis of mimosine: incorporation of serine and of alpha-aminoadipic acid. Phytochemistry1967; 6: 1245–8.
MurakoshiI., IkeganiF., HinumaY., HanmaY.Purification and characterization of L-mimosine synthase from Leucaena leucocephala. Phytochemistry1984; 23: 1905–8.
140.
IkegamiF., LambienF., FowdenL., MurakoshiI.Bio synthetic mechanism and physiological role of heterocyclicsubstituted alanines in higher plants. In: Lubec G. Rosenthal GA, ed. Amino acids: chemical, biological, medical.Leiden, the Netherlands: ESCOM, 1990; 1040–51.
141.
IkeganiF., MizunoM., KiharaM., MurakoshiI.Enzymic synthesis of the toxic amino acid mimosine from cysteine synthase. Phytochemistry1990; 29: 3461–5.
142.
MurakoshiI., KuramotoT., HaginiwaJ., FowdenL.Formation of S-methylcysteine from mimosine by Leucaena seedling extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1970; 41: 1009–12.
143.
TangendjajaB., LowryJ.B., WillsR.B.H.Isolation of a mimosine degrading enzyme from Leucaena leaf. J Sci Food Agric1986; 37: 523–6.
144.
FowdenL., LewisD., TristramH.Toxic amino acids: their action as anti-metabolites. Adv Enzymol1967; 29: 89–163.
145.
LinJ.K., LingT.A., TungT.C.Biochemical study of mimosine. 11. Comparative study on the interaction of mimosine and other amino acids with pyridoxal 5-phosphate in vitro. J Formos Med Assoc1965; 64: 26572.
146.
Ter MeulenU., GlintherK.D., El-HarithE.A.Metabolic effects of mimosine on tyrosine in the rat. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahrg Futtermittelkde1981; 46: 264–9.
147.
SerranoE.P., flagL.L., MendozaE.M.T.Biochemical mechanisms of mimosine toxicity to Siderotium rolfsii Sacc. Aust J Biol Sci1983; 36: 445–54.
El-HarithE.A., MohmeH., Ter MeulenU., BarthaM., GuntherK.D.Effects of mimosine on some serum enzyme activities and amino acid metabolism in the rat. Tierphysiol Tierernahrg Futtermittelkde1981; 46: 25563.
150.
TsaiW.C., LingK.H.Stability constants of some metal ion chelates of mimosine and 3,4-dibydroxy pyridine. J Chin Biochem Soc1973; 2: 70–86.
151.
TsaiW.C., LingK.H.Toxic action of mimosine. 11. Factors which influence the mimosine toxicity to the H. Ep-2 cell. J Formos Med Assoc1972; 71: 23–30.
152.
HashiguchiH., TakashiH.Inhibition of two copper containing enzymes, tyrosinase and dopamine betahydroxylase, by L-mimosine. Mol Pharmacol1977; 13: 362–7.
153.
AstutiM., IndratiR., AtmajayaY.The iron bioavailability of Leucaena leucocephala tempeh. R Soc Chem1989; 72(Special Pub): 197–201.
154.
LinY-Y, LingK-H. Studies on the mechanism of toxicity of mimosine. J Formos Med Assoc1962; 61: 997.
155.
GroveJ.A., BallataP.D., EastmoV., HwangL.R.Studies on the metabolic effects of mimosine. Nutr Rep Int1978; 17: 629–35.
156.
ChangL.T.The effect of mimosine on alkaline phosphatase of mouse kidney. J Formos Med Assoc1960; 59: 108–14.
157.
LinJ-K, TungT-C. Biochemical study of mimosine. III. Comparative study on the activities of metal containing enzymes in B6-deficient and mimosa fed rats. Tai-Wan I Hsueh-Hui Twa Chih1966; 65: 119–24.
158.
LinJ.K., LinK.T., LingT.A., TungT.C.Biochemical study of mimosine. IV. Comparative study of the effect of mimosine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid on the activities of vitamin B6-requiring enzymes in rats. J Formos Med Assoc1967; 66: 87–91.
159.
YangS.S., LingK.H.Excretion of kynurenic and xanthurenic acid by mimosine-intoxicated rats after L-tryptophan loading. J Formos Med Assoc1968; 67: 315–8.
160.
TsaiW.C., LingK.H.Toxic action of mimosine. I. Inhibition of mitosis and DNA synthesis of H. Ep-2 cell by mimosine and 3,4-dihydroxypyridine. Toxicology1971; 9: 241–7.
161.
WardK.A., HarrisR.L.N.Inhibition of wool follicle DNA synthesis by mimosine and related 4(1H)-pyridones. Aust J Biol Sci1976; 29: 189–96.
162.
HegartyM.P., LeeC.P., ChristieG.S., de MunkF.G., CourtR.D.Comparative toxicities of mimosine and some chemically related compounds to mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture. Aust J Biol Sci1978; 31: 115–21.
163.
ReisnerA.H., BucholtzC.A., WardK.A.Effects of the plant amino acid mimosine on cell division. DNA, RNA and protein syntheses in paramecium. Mol Pharmacol1979; 16: 278–86.
164.
ItzhakiS., AbdullaP.R.Effect of mimosine on RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. Biochem Soc Trans1982; 10: 176.
165.
ItzhakiS., AbdullaP.R.Comparative investigations of the action of mimosine on nucleic acid synthesis in Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. Biochem Soc Trans1982; 10; 502.
166.
MoscaP.J., DijkwelP.A., HamlinJ.L.The plant amino acid mimosine may inhibit initiation at origins of replication in Chinese hamster cells. Mol Cell Biol1992; 12: 4375–83.
167.
TangS-Y, LingK-H. Studies on the metabolism of mimosine. J Formos Med Assoc1977; 76: 587–92.
168.
TangS-Y, LingK-H. The inhibitory effect of mimosine on collagen synthesis. Toxicology1975; 13: 339–42.
169.
YoshidaR.K.A chemical and physiological study of the nature and properties of the toxic principle in Leucaena glauca (Koa Haole). Doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn, USA, 1944.
170.
FukudaN., KojaT., ChinenI., HongoF., ShiromaS., YomoH.Studies on protease inhibitors in Leucaena leucocephala de Wit seed. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi1980; 54: 1015–9.
171.
HathcockJ.N., LabadanM.M.Toxicity of mimosine and Leucaena leucocephala extracts to chicken embryos. Nutr Rep Int1975; 11: 63–9.
172.
BengeM.D., CurranH.The use of Leucaena for soil erosion control and fertilization. In: BengeMD, ed. Leucaena leucocephala: a tree that defies the woodcutterWashington, DC: Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, 1981; Section 6: 1–13.
173.
WeeK.L., WangS.Effect of post-harvest treatment on the degradation of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala leaves. J Sci Food Agric1987; 39: 195–201.
174.
TangeudjajaB., LowryJ.B., WillsR.B.H.Optimisation of conditions for the degradation of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala leaf. J Sci Food Agric1984; 35: 613–6.
175.
LabadanM.M.Effects of various treatments and additives on the feeding value of ipil-ipil leaf meal in poultry. Philipp Agric1969; 53: 392–401.
176.
TawataS., HongoF., SunagawaK., KawashimaY., YagaS.A simple reduction method of mimosine in the tropical plant Leucaena. Sci Bull Coll Agric Univ Ryukyus1986; 33: 87–94.
177.
TawadaS.Feeds from tropical plant ginum (sci) with their mimosine (or derivatives) removed. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 63, 294, 746 (88, 294, 746) 1 Dec 1988 (Japanese patent).
178.
HossainM.A., MustafaAl, AlamM., KhanM.Z.A.Studies on the removal of mimosine from ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) seed. J Bangladesh Chem Soc1991; 4: 83–5.
179.
RossE., SpringhallJ.A.Evaluation of ferrous sulfate as a detoxifying agent for mimosine in Leucaena glauca rations for chickens. Aust Vet J1963; 39: 394–7.
180.
ChangC-W. The detoxification effect of aluminum, vitamin B6 and zinc on the performance of broilers fed 10% Salvadoran Leucaena diet. Tung-hai Hsueh Pao1987; 28: 999–1007.
181.
LopezP.L., SayabocV.S., DeanonA.S.The effect of ferrous sulfate on high ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit leaf meal fed layers. Philipp Agric1979; 62: 116–29.
182.
InafukuM., PpongoS.Removal of mimosine from Leucaena glauca silage with lactic acid bacteria. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04, 234, 951 (92, 234, 951) ((Cl. A23K3/02), 24 Aug 1992 (Japanese patent).
183.
HammondA.C., AllisonM.J., WilliamsM.J., PrineG.M., BatesD.B.Prevention of Leucaena toxicosis of cattle in Florida by ruminal inoculation with 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone-degrading bacteria. Am J Vet Res1989; 50: 2176–80.
184.
SethiP., KulkarniP.R.Functional properties of protein isolate from Leucaena leucocephala seeds. Int J Food Sci Nutr1994; 45: 35–9.
