Recent Trends in Malnutrition in Developing Regions: Vitamin A Deficiency,Anemia,Iodine Deficiency,and Child Underweight

Mason J.B. , Lotfi M. , Dalmiya N. , Sethuraman K. , Deitchler M. , with Geibel S. , Gillenwater K. , Gilman A. , Mason K. , Mock N. Micronutrient Initiative/UNICEF/Tulane University. The micronutrient report: current progress in the control of vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 2001.

Micronutrient Initiative/UNICEF. Vitamin and mineral deficiency: a global damage assessment. Ottawa, Canada: The Micronutrient Initiative, 2004.

Micronutrient Initiative/UNICEF. A global progress report. Available at: http://www.micronutrient.org/pdfs/VMD.pdf. Accessed 17 December 2004.

Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-committee on Nutrition. Fifth report on the world nutrition situation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition. Fourth report on the world nutrition situation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.

West K.P. Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2857S–66S.

DeBenoist B. , Andersson M. , Takkouche B. , Allen H eds. Iodine status worldwide. WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

World Health Organization (2004). Anthropometry and micronutrient deficiency databases. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/ and http://www.who.int/nut/db_mdis.htm

UNICEF. State of the World's Children. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 and earlier.

World Bank. World Development Report. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004 and earlier.

United Nations. Demographic Yearbook. New York: UN Population Division, 2004 and earlier. http://esa.un.org/unpp/

Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets. Available at: http://www.fao.org/es/ess/fbslead.asp. Accessed 20 December 2004.

WHO. The World Health Report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004 and earlier.

WHO. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. MDIS Working Paper 2. WHO/NUT/95.3. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.

Sommer A. , Davidson F.R. Assessment and control of vitamin A deficiency: the Annecy Accords. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2845S–2850S.

International Vitamin A Consultative Group (2002). The Annecy Accords. Summary of recommendations and clarifications to assess and control vitamin A deficiency. http://ivacg.ilsi.org/file/Annecy.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2004.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 and earlier.

WHO. Progress towards the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). World Health Organization, UNICEF, and International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). WHO/NHD/99.4. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.

WHO. Global prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. MDIS Working Paper No. 1. World Health Organization, UNICEF, and International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.

WHO. Indicators for assessing iodine deficiency disorders and their control through salt iodization. World Health Organization, UNICEF, and International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). WHO/NUT/94.6. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994.

Deitchler M. , Mason J. , Mathys E. , Winichagoon P. , Tuazon M.A. Successful micronutrient programs: program initiation. Food Nutr Bull 2004; 25: 5–29.

Deitchler M. , Mathys E. , Mason J. , Winichagoon P. , Tuazon M.A. Successful micronutrient programs: program implementation. Food Nutr Bull 2004; 25: 30–52.

Bot A.J. , Nachtergaele F.O. , Young A. Land resource potential and constraints at regional and country levels. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000.

Latham M.C. Iodine deficiency disorders. Human nutrition in the developing world. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1997: 188–9.

Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-committee on Nutrition. Third Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997.

Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition. Second report on the world nutrition situation. Vol. II. Country trends, methods and statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.

Kleinbaum D.G. , Kupper L.L. , Morgenstern H. Epidemiological research: principles and quantitative methods. New York: Academic Press, 1982: 419–46.

Pedro M.R.A. , Madriaga J.R. , Barba C.V.C. , Habito R.C.F. , Gana A.E. , Deitchler M. , Mason J.B. The national vitamin A supplementation program and subclinical vitamin A deficiency among preschool children in the Philippines. Food Nutr Bull 2004; 25: 319–29.

Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Philippine nutrition. Facts and figures. Manila: FNRI, DOST, 2001.

Government of India and UNICEF. Multiple indicator survey (MICS-2000). India. Summary report. New Delhi: Department of Women and Child Development, Government of India and UNICEF, India Country Office, December 2001.

Mason J.B. , Deitchler M.L. , Mathys E. , Winichagoon P. , and Tuazon M.A. Successful micronutrient programs: program impact. Food Nutr Bull 2004; 25: 53–78.

Ezzati M, Lopez A, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJL, and the Comparative Risk Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet 2002; 360: 1347–60.

Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, Lopez A, Mathers CD, Murray CJL, and the Comparative Risk Collaborating Group. Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet 2003; 362: 271–80.

Murray C.J.L. , Lopez A.D. , eds. Global comparative assessments in the health sector. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994.

Murray C. , Lopez A. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: global burden of diseases study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1436–42.

Caulfield L.E. , de Onis M. , Blossner M. , Black R.E. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 193–8.

Caulfield L.E. , Richard S.A. , Black R.E. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of malaria morbidity and mortality in children less than five years old. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 71(2 Suppl): 55–63.

Mason J.B. , Musgrove P. , Habicht J-P . At least one-third of poor countries’ disease burden is due to malnutrition. Disease Control Priorities Project. DCPP Working Paper No. 1. FIC/NIH. March 2003. Available at: http://www.fic.nih.gov/dcpp/wps/wp1.pdf.

Mason J.B. , Musgrove P. , Habicht J-P . At least one-third of poor countries’ disease burden is due to malnutrition. Disease Control Priorities Project. DCPP Working Paper No. 1. Bethesda, Md., USA: Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, March 2003. http://www.fic.nih.gov/dcpp/wps/wp1.pdf Accessed 21 December 2004.

UNICEF. Drought, AIDS, and child malnutrition in Southern Africa: analysis of nutritional data on the humanitarian crisis. Nairobi: UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO), May 2004.

Beaton G.H. , Martorell R. , Aronson K.J. , Edmonston B. , McCabe G. , Ross A.C. , Harvey B. Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. ACC/SCN State-of-the-Art Series, Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No. 13, Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-committee on Nutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.

Ramalingaswami V. , Jonsson U. , Rohde J. The Asian enigma. Progress of nations. New York: UNICEF, 1996: 11–7.

Gorstein J. , Bhaskaram P. , Khanum S. , Hossaini R. , Balakrishna N. , Goodman T.S. , deBenoist B. , Krishnaswamy K. Safety and impact of vitamin A supplementation delivered with oral polio vaccine as part of the immunization campaign in Orissa, India. Food Nutr Bull 2003; 24: 319–31.