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Abstract

Lifestyle risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol use, poor nutrition, and inactivity, comprise the leading actual causes of death and disproportionately affect diverse, lower-income and vulnerable populations. Fundamentally influenced by social determinants of health (including poverty, social linkages, food access, and built environment), these “unhealthy lifestyle” exposures perpetuate and sustain disparities in health outcomes, stealing years of healthy and productive life for minority, vulnerable groups. The authors call for implementation of a health equity framework within lifestyle medicine (LM). Community-engaged lifestyle medicine (CELM) is an evidence-based, participatory framework capable of addressing health disparities through LM, targeting health equity in addition to better health. CELM was developed in 2015 by the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) Preventive Medicine Residency program to address lifestyle-related health disparities within marginalized border communities. The framework includes the following evidence-based principles: community engagement, cultural competency, and application of multilevel and intersectoral approaches. The rationale for each of these components and the growth of CELM within the American College of Lifestyle Medicine is described. Finally, illustrative examples are provided for how CELM can be instituted at micro and macro levels by LM practitioners.

Keywords

community engaged lifestyle underserved health equity

‘Despite overall improvements in life expectancy and quality of health care in the United States, health disparities between certain groups have actually widened.’

Background

Lifestyle is the most fundamental and modifiable influence on risk of disease. Lifestyle risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol use, poor nutrition, and inactivity, comprise the leading actual causes of death.¹ Today, 65% of the world’s population lives in a country where overweight and obesity kill more people than underweight and malnutrition.² The 6 leading global risks for mortality, common to low-, middle-, and high-income countries, include high blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood glucose, inadequate physical activity, overweight, and obesity². 70% to 90% of the most common and deadly chronic diseases, including diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke, and cancer, could be prevented via tobacco cessation, avoidance of overweight, moderate physical activity, and a healthy diet.³

The Need for Health Equity–Oriented Lifestyle Medicine

Worldwide, lifestyle risk factors disproportionately affect diverse, lower-income, and vulnerable populations.² These adverse lifestyle exposures—fundamentally influenced by social determinants of health such as poverty, built environment, education, and food access—systematically perpetuate and sustain pervasive disparities in health outcomes, stealing years of healthy and productive life for minority, vulnerable groups.⁴

Based on preventable and “unnatural” causes, lifestyle-related health disparities are unjust.^5,6 The United States has some of the largest health inequities in the developed world, occurring by ethnicity, geography, and socioeconomic status.^7,8 On average, black men and women die 6.3 and 4.5 years earlier than their white counterparts.⁹ One 2006 study illustrated that men and women in the best-off groups in the United States lived almost a decade and half longer (15.4 and 12.8 years, respectively) than worst-off groups; the persistent race-based gap in life expectancy had not narrowed significantly since 1987.¹⁰ Despite overall improvements in life expectancy and quality of health care in the United States, health disparities between certain groups have actually widened.¹¹ Mortality rates for Native Americans are almost 50% higher than that for Caucasians; Native Americans are twice as likely to have diabetes, are twice as likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder, and are more likely to die from diabetes and heart disease.¹² Compared with Caucasians, Hispanic Americans are 63% more likely to have diabetes and 30% more likely to die from the disease.^13,14 Preventable and modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and blood pressure drive these differences in health. Indeed, researchers calculated that if levels of blood pressure, blood sugar, body fat, and smoking were controlled to optimal levels in vulnerable subgroups, disparities in cardiovascular disease deaths would be eliminated by 80%.⁹ Preventable health disparities are a threat to economic sustainability and affect the well-being of all residents; one estimate suggests that US health disparities cost more than $1.24 trillion.¹⁵

Although proven to treat, prevent, and reverse lifestyle-related chronic disease and its precursors, narrow lifestyle medicine (LM) prevention efforts could inadvertently widen health disparities, especially if least-accessible populations (those at highest risk of disease) are missed.^16,17 This phenomenon occurred with cardiovascular disease prevention efforts in the United States: over the past several decades, mean serum cholesterol and prevalence of tobacco use dropped most in high-income groups, whereas prevalence of certain chronic diseases and lifestyle risk factors actually increased in lower-income groups.^18,19

Community-Engaged Lifestyle Medicine (CELM) as a Health Equity Pathway

Health equity is defined as the “principle underlying a commitment to reduce—and ultimately, eliminate disparities in health and in its determinants, including social determinants.”²⁰ Building health equity is a goal that is within scope, reach, and mission of LM health care reform and can be achieved through momentum of an organized and collective, rather than ad hoc and individual, approach. Evidence suggests that organized, multilevel and tailored disease prevention efforts targeting health equity are feasible on local, national, and global levels and can successfully narrow disparities in diverse groups around the world.^13,14

CELM is defined as the practice of preventing chronic disease and promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors via collaborative, multistakeholder, and community-engaged delivery of LM in diverse, low-income populations.²¹ Originally developed at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV, Edinburg, Texas) in 2016, under the primary author’s leadership of the Preventive Medicine Residency Program and collaboration with public, private, and community stakeholders, CELM is an evidence-based framework for promoting health equity in low-resource settings. In the Rio Grande Valley, CELM informed a community-driven effort for lifestyle improvement that engaged some of the most historically marginalized, impoverished border communities in the United States.²¹ In this region of approximately 1.3 million, 35% of the population lives in poverty, compared with 17% at the national level; more than one-third are ineligible for health insurance.^22-25 Nearly half the population (45%) is obese, and more than a quarter (22%) have diabetes.²³ The specific CELM objectives (grouped into the themes of Engagement, Evaluation, and Education) and the collaborative development and evaluation process for the CELM framework are described in detail elsewhere.²¹

Evidence-based pathways to health equity feature 2 broad themes. The first, capacity-building partnerships, is a form of community activism that can ameliorate social determinants of poverty, food deserts, and community safety over time, through tenacious intersectoral partnerships operating at local, state, and federal levels and including representatives of vulnerable groups. The second theme engages health care providers to broaden health care impact by building health outside the hospital: engaging and empowering historically marginalized groups to reduce and eliminate lifestyle risk factors for common chronic diseases through culturally tailored LM outreach in clinical and community settings. Addressing the first theme comprehensively is often outside the scope of work for many LM practitioners. Indeed, one of the limitations of CELM is its inability to target the deeper societal power dynamics and structural discrimination that instigate and sustain pervasive disparities. Nonetheless, the CELM approach can help LM practitioners begin building the long-term health equity partnership infrastructure and momentum needed to address deeper social inequities, via engagement of diverse populations and expanding the reach of LM beyond the clinic walls.²¹

The specific principles of CELM have evidence-based associations with health equity and include community engagement (CE), multilevel and intersectoral approaches, and cultural responsiveness. CE refers to partnership and involvement of marginalized community members and stakeholders along all stages of health interventions (identifying priorities and needs, designing and delivering the intervention, and analysis and dissemination of results). By partnering respectfully with the community of interest, CE supports the creation of culturally tailored programs and can add meaningful value in furthering desired health outcomes.^26,27 Multilevel approaches to changing lifestyle address the interconnected influences of levels of individual, peer/family group, health care team, neighborhood resources, and cultural context and, therefore, increase the likelihood that patients can sustain behavior changes outside the health care setting.^28,29 Intersectoral partnerships, which refers to the coordination of clinical services with participation and resources drawn from the social, political, environmental, and economic sectors, build sustainability, momentum, and capacity for community-driven LM.³⁰ Finally, cultural responsiveness is a crucial element of provider training and philosophy, enabling the delivery of tailored services that are “respectful of and responsive to the health beliefs, practices, and cultural needs of diverse patients.”³¹ Table 1 summarizes these principles, along with examples of general LM applications and those within the UTRGV Preventive Medicine residency program.

Table 1.

Health Equity Principles of Community-Engaged Lifestyle Medicine and Associated Practice Applications Within LM and the UTRGV Preventive Medicine Residency.

Health Equity Principle	Key Principle	Example of LM Application	Example of LM Application: UTRGV Preventive Medicine Program
Community engagement	Partnership and engagement of at-risk community members and relevant stakeholders in health intervention	Training health coaches and peer advocates from vulnerable, at-risk communities	Engaging multistakeholder focus groups to inform health program planning and priorities; hiring 2 promotoras (community health workers) on clinic staff to engage, recruit, and communicate with patients between visits
Multilevel approaches	Build/sustain healthy behaviors by addressing multiple levels of influence: individual, family, social linkages, neighborhood, culture	Home, community, and group LM visits that engage patients and families in shared approaches to behavior change; leading community workshops in vulnerable neighborhoods	Holding lifestyle medicine educational sessions and classes in the region’s largest grocery store
Intersectoral approaches	Coordinate clinical services with resources and involvement of non–health care sectors (public, private, economic, social)	Partner with local public health department to understand local epidemiology of chronic preventable diseases and offer coordinated approaches to lifestyle-based change	Partnership with local school board to engage middle and high school students in developing community lifestyle change programs
Cultural responsiveness	Receptiveness and awareness of patient’s beliefs, practices, and social context; tailoring of care and recommendations to patient context	Inquire about patient culture, context, and practices during clinical encounter; multilingual and multiethnic educational and promotional material; offering LM prescriptions tailored to patient (eg, zumba, ethnic foods)	Hold multistakeholder training in cultural responsiveness led by experts from State Capitol; offer all material in Spanish and English; engaging local faith-based groups to inform care

Abbreviation: LM, lifestyle medicine.

Figure 1 illustrates the CELM logic model, highlighting the role of coordinated, community-clinic linkages and the emphasis on quality improvement and continuous evaluation.

Figure 1.

Logic model for CELM^a (reprinted with permission from the author).

CELM Efforts Within the American College of Lifestyle Medicine

When a small group of ACLM members were approached in 2017 with the idea of starting a new committee focused on bringing lifestyle medicine to the underserved, the response was overwhelmingly supportive. The leadership and expertise of the initial members along with the enthusiasm of new members has helped this committee grow. The CELM committee is dedicated to highlighting the extraordinary work that many ACLM members are already doing within underserved populations, providing a space to learn from each other’s challenges and triumphs and holding educational workshops to provide ACLM members with the evidence-based tools necessary to enterprise lifestyle medicine–rooted initiatives within those disadvantaged communities.

This young committee was invited to hold a workshop focusing on CELM for the 2018 ACLM national conference. A portion of the workshop focused on highlighting innovative speakers who were implementing successful CELM-based work both across the country and internationally. An important goal of the workshop was to provide those who attended with a practical step-by-step framework as presented by the Centers for Disease Control, which they could use to guide their very own CELM-focused projects. Session attendees were also given the opportunity to ask questions and collaborate with each other during small group sessions while the expert speakers served as a resource to answer questions and share constructive advice. CELM activities presented by the committee during the inaugural workshop are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2.

CELM Inaugural Workshop at American College of Lifestyle Medicine 2018: Presenters and Activities.

Presenter	Location/Institution	Summary of CELM Activity
Janani Krishnaswami, MD	UTRGV, Texas	UTRGV Preventive Medicine Residency Program: establishing the CELM movement in the border communities of the RGV; creating a multistakeholder partnership with the region’s largest grocery store chain; helping launch the first Lifestyle Medicine—Family Planning mobile clinic for women’s health; starting the first LM practice in a free clinic for 100% uninsured patients
Shipra Bansal, MD	Flagstaff, Arizona	“Eating for Life”: based at a federally qualified health clinic, this innovative, cost-effective program aims to encourage and sustain healthy dietary changes among the low-resource, diverse patient population it serves. This program utilized structured group visits, food demonstrations and group meals where costs are kept minimal (<$3/meal), grocery store tours, and sessions focused on goal setting to empower its participants to remain healthy for a lifetime
Cheryl True, MD	Davenport, Iowa	This Walk with a Doc chapter utilized a unique twist to tackle the current rise in overweight and obesity in Iowa. Dr True held sessions in partnership with a local veterinarian to create engaging, community-based opportunities for both humans and their animal counterparts to improve their physical activity and reduce their risks of developing chronic medical illnesses simultaneously
Blecenda Varona, DrPH, RND, MPH	Philippines	Dr Varona, a licensed nutritionist-dietician and founder of the Asian Institute of Lifestyle Medicine has created and implemented several culturally relevant comprehensive lifestyle medicine programs that incorporate the 6 pillars of lifestyle medicine. These series of measures target the rural, low-income populations of the Philippines who are disproportionately at risk for heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. These programs include educational workshops, food demonstrations, and counseling

Abbreviations: CELM, community-engaged lifestyle medicine; LM, lifestyle medicine.

Prescriptions for Lifestyle Medicine Practitioners: What to Do Today

Although originally developed as a health equity framework for the border communities of the Rio Grande Valley in Texas, CELM can be translated by clinical providers around the world for the betterment and welfare of diverse, vulnerable, and unhealthy communities. Examples of how to build CELM into existing practices in the short- and long-term levels are presented in Table 3.

Table 3.

CELM Prescriptions for Lifestyle Medicine Practitioners Based on Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Outcomes.

CELM Theme	Short-Term Practice Enhancement	Medium-Term Practice Enhancement	Long-Term Practice Enhancement
Community engagement	• Organize focus groups in partnership with community organizations to set LM priorities for the community and identify issues facing vulnerable groups in your community • Engage diverse patients in the clinic visit (eg, motivational interviewing, patient-centered care); learn from your patients the key community-level barriers for healthy lifestyle and develop shared strategies for addressing barriers	• Convene a community advisory board that includes diverse representation from public, private, health care, economic, and social sectors as well as patients • Work with board and members of a vulnerable community to develop a lifestyle medicine outreach and engagement strategy • Identify opportunities in your LM programming to engage non–health care stakeholders—for example, high school students, volunteers, patient advocate (eg, social media campaigns, data evaluation, anthropometric measurements)	• Create job opportunities in the clinic for marginalized communities (lay health worker, patient advocate, coach training) • Recruit patients from diverse groups who have successfully achieved LM change to serve as volunteers or trained/paid coaches to motivate and engage peers in clinical and community settings • Hold regular community town halls and community advisory board meetings to share knowledge, success stories, and collectively troubleshoot areas for improvement
Intersectoral partnerships	• Identify key stakeholders—for example, patients, administrators, food pantries, church group, YMCA representative, and so on—who could help inform and broaden the health-equity focus of your practice • Become a community citizen: identify coalitions, power agents, and nonprofit groups already in place; consider serving on local boards and pitching your work to health-oriented groups in the community to build networks, credibility, and visibility	• Strengthen partnerships with entities such as local grocery stores, local schools, and policymakers to enable programs such as grocery store tours, food pharmacies, media messaging, and advertising	• Create processes in partnership with local health professions and medical residency programs, including social workers, engaging a regular stream of students and volunteers to expand and sustain outreach efforts • Create strong networks with local mayor and congressional representatives to present community data, pushing for needed built environment changes such as bike trails and farmers’ markets
Multilevel approaches	• Begin holding group and family lifestyle medicine visits • Identify the most common places where vulnerable patients eat, work, and move; develop strategies to organize educational workshops or community events at these locations	• Create a map of community-level resources supporting lifestyle medicine that can help patients navigate healthier choices • Hold community potlucks in partnership with local YMCA or churches featuring healthy, plant-based foods	• Utilize technology, via processes such as text-message systems or app-based platforms, to engage groups of patients outside the clinic in healthy living practices
Cultural responsiveness	• Learn about your patient’s culture and values during the clinical encounter; acknowledge and link the care provided to those values • Respect the cultural practices that inform a patient’s dietary practices; refrain from “extremist” dietary advice that is misaligned with a patient’s culture; be able to meet patients halfway • Ask patients from diverse groups for advice on how to reach and connect with more patients in need of lifestyle medicine	• Arrange local lay health worker or promotora groups to hold cultural competency trainings for clinical staff • Survey patients on their perception of respect, bias, and tolerance perceived in your practice • Research and provide recipes and activity advice that include culturally tailored foods, flavors, and spices	• Employ a community health worker or health coach representing diverse/vulnerable communities to work with your staff and patients • Hire diverse staff and health care providers, who represent vulnerable communities, to promote comfort and trust in patients

Abbreviations: CELM, community-engaged lifestyle medicine; LM, lifestyle medicine.

In line with CE principles, achieving outcomes of health equity must ultimately extend beyond a single clinic’s efforts. Sustainable partnerships boosting capacity of lifestyle medicine practitioners and community-based organizations at the national, regional, and local levels are needed, engaging stakeholders to address upstream causes of poverty and increasing grassroots community momentum and ownership of health-building programs. Nevertheless, systemic transformation can begin via innovation at the ground level: translating theoretically effective CELM mechanisms to build equitable and efficacious pathways for health.

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

This article is based on a workshop given at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine 2018 in Indiana, IN. Janani Krishnaswami, MD, MPH, lead author of “Community Engaged Lifestyle Medicine: Building Health Equity Through Preventive Medicine Residency Training,” gives permission for the publication of , originally published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2018). Janani Krishnaswami is currently affiliated with UWorld LLC, Irving TX.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable, because this article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Informed Consent

Not applicable, because this article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Trial Registration

Not applicable, because this article does not contain any clinical trials.

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Community-Engaged Lifestyle Medicine as a Framework for Health Equity: Principles for Lifestyle Medicine in Low-Resource Settings