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Abstract

Industrial waste is mainly responsible for accumulating Zn (II) in the soil, which needs to be removed to avoid its bioaccumulation and hazardous effects on the environment. In a recent study, the potential of the RY12 strain was evaluated as a biosorbent of Zn (II) ions in an aqueous medium. Different microbiological techniques like biochemical, molecular characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used for the identification of RY12. The impact of different parameters such as the initial zinc ion concentration, pH, temperature, and the removal of other metals such as manganese, lead, cobalt, silver, copper, mercury, and chromium was also evaluated on the reduction of Zn (II). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was also carried out to investigate the role of cellular surfaces in the sorption of Zn+2 ions. Both biochemical and phylogenetic analyses established that strain RY12 Pseudomonas sp. capable of reducing Zn⁺² up to 89% at 28°C (pH = 6.5; initial Zn⁺² concentration = 200 mg/L). The FTIR analysis revealed that the bacterial cell wall’s amino, carboxyl, and phosphate groups were involved in the reaction with Zn (II). Our findings suggest that Pseudomonas sp. RY12 is a proficient bacterium for removing zinc from industrial waste and could be a valuable bioremediation agent.

Keywords

biosorption heavy metal removal industrial wastewater Zn (II)bioremediation

Introduction

Heavy metals in soil pollute the environment and pose the most severe health threats to humans. Due to the magnitude of the problem, metal contamination receives significant attention in the remediation sector, and it needs time to develop novel techniques to address it.¹ This pollution is primarily caused by industrial operations such as metal forging, mining smelting, sewage sludge, and fossil fuel burning. Significant levels of Zn are present in these waste products, which accumulate in the soil. As a result, it harms soil physicochemical properties and microbial density, resulting in infertile soils and agricultural productivity. These metals, in general, cannot be broken down into less or more dangerous compounds and remain in the environment.²

Growing plants in heavy metal-contaminated soils, such as cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium, and Zn, house a variety of microbes that can endure high concentrations of these metals and provide multiple benefits to the plant and soil. Microbes in the rhizosphere are involved in various heavy metal interactions with plants in contaminated soil. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) receive special attention because they directly improve plant remediation by altering metal bioavailability through pH changes, phytohormone synthesis, and chelator release.^3,4 Microorganisms from the rhizosphere are ideal for use as biocontrol agents. The rhizosphere offers the front-line shield for roots against attack by pathogens. Bacterial genera that are believed to have the potential for biocontrol are Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Enterobacter, Cellulomonas, Pseudomonas, and Serrati spp. These genera have been confirmed on an extensive range of plant species for their capability to control diseases.⁵

Increased Zn levels in soil block various metabolic pathways in plants, resulting in growth retardation and senescence. Zinc toxicity in plants restricts the growth of roots and shoots. Copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in plant shoot also rise as a result of excess zinc. These deficiencies have been attributed to a delay in transferring nutrients from the root to the shoot. The formation of a purplish-red tint in leaves due to phosphorus (P) deficiency is another distinguishing effect of zinc poisoning.⁵ In vascular plants, increased zinc concentration and low water levels may cause stomatal closure, decreased CO₂ uptake, chlorophyll concentration, and oxidative damage resistance systems activation.⁶ A high level of zinc produces reactive oxygen species or dislocates other metals from the active sites of proteins. Zinc poisoning causes chlorosis in young leaves due to Zn-induced Mg or Fe shortage.^7,8

Evaporation, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, cementation, electrochemical deposition, membrane process, and activated carbon adsorption are some of the most common methods for metal removal. In contrast, these gadgets are typically only partially solicited due to their high investment, inadequacy, or operating expense. As a result, the biosorption approach has gained popularity. The main advantages of this technique (biosorption) include high efficiency, cheap cost, minimal biological and chemical sludge, biosorbent renewal and metal recovery, and no additional dietary requirements.^9-12

Biosorption of heavy metals by instinctual microorganisms from soil and water is a precise approach for producing various biosorbents for heavy metal bioremediation. It was previously unknown whether bacteria, fungi, and algae act as biosorbents to reduce heavy metal toxicity in soil.¹³ The contrivance for metal elimination via biomass comprises coordination, complexation, ionic interactions, and chelation between ligands and metal cations. Biosorption is both metabolisms independent like chemical or physiological sorption onto the cell wall or dependent on internal compartmentalization, transport, and extracellular precipitation by metabolites.¹⁴ The potential of bacterial strains to acquire resistance to heavy metals could help with soil fertility and wastewater management, where microbes are involved in biological processes such as organic matter decomposition.¹⁵

The biosorption process is primarily employed to treat wastewater because various metals are present there. The presence of one metal influences the removal of other metal ions. For example, in a solution, biomass like bacteria, yeasts and fungi cannot uptake uranium when cobalt, manganese, copper, mercury, cadmium, and lead are present. On the other hand, Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ are stimulators for uranium uptake by Rhizopus arrhizus.¹⁶

In order to well recognition of the complex procedure of biosorption, the studies directing the cell surface structural design, identification of functional groups and acid-base features of the biomass (Biosorbent) are essential for forecasting the metal biosorption behavior and then amending the biosorption property of the metal. Since the metal hazards to microorganisms, plants, and, accordingly to human health, recognize the biosorbing capacity of microorganisms, experiments were performed to illustrate the bacterial strain and estimate the Zn biosorption capability of the strain RY12, Pseudomonas sp. (Accession no. MF351721) isolated from metal-contaminated soil. In addition, special effects of several factors like contact time, Zn concentrations, biomass, and pH on Pseudomonas mediated biosorption were studied. The functional groups of Pseudomonas sp. were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analytical techniques to conclude the investigation.

Materials and Methods

Soil Sampling and Culture Conditions

Fifty soil samples (50) were collected from various fields near the industrial area of Faisalabad (Pakistan), irrigated with wastewater from factories. Soil samples (10 g) were suspended in 90 mL of distilled water and serially diluted. Nutrient agar (Oxoid, UK) was prepared, sterilized at 121°C, and at 15-pound pressure for 20 minutes (Samheung, Korea). Nutrient agar was aseptically poured into the sterilized petri plates. Soil samples were inoculated onto the nutrient agar plates and incubated at 30 ^oC for 5 days. After 5 days, colonies with different morphology were selected. Fifty bacterial isolates were selected and purified by repeat streaks on nutrient agar plates.¹⁷ The 28 isolates were then selected for further study. These bacteria were stored at −80°C in 20% of glycerol.

Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Zinc for Isolated Bacteria

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the Zn for each isolate was determined by the plate dilution method.^18,19 Briefly, the zinc salt ZnSO₄.7H₂O in varying concentrations ranging from .5 mM to 35 mM (65.38 mg/L = 1 mM) was used to determine MIC. Nutrient agar (Oxoid, UK) with different zinc concentrations was prepared, sterilized at 121°C, 15-pound pressure for 20 minutes (Samheung, Korea). After sterilization, nutrient agar was poured into the autoclaved petri plates and placed on a smooth surface under a laminar airflow cabinet (Thermo Scientific™, UK) to become solid. When the agar became solid, bacterial strains were inoculated with a sterilized inoculating loop. The plates were incubated at 28–30°C for 24 hours in the incubator (Binder, Germany). The zinc MIC against the strain was determined by the lowest concentration of the metal that inhibited microbial growth.

Determination of Bacterial Tolerance to Oher Heavy Metals

The selected bacterial isolate was streaked on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) plates with various concentrations of other heavy metals (Mn, Co, Pb, Ag, Cu, Hg, and Cr), ranging from 1 mM to 20 mM, to determine the bacteria’s tolerance for these metals. The plates were incubated at 28–30°C for 5–6 days and observed the growth of bacteria daily.²⁰

Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Zinc-Resistant Bacteria RY12

Bacterial isolate (RY12) with maximum zinc tolerance was selected from a pool of bacterial isolates. It was identified based on culture characteristics, colony morphology, Gram staining, pigment production, motility, and biochemical tests. Gram staining and spore staining were done, and the results were examined under the microscope. Biochemical tests on motility, catalase, indole production, oxidase, urease, and citrate utilization were performed to identify the strains.^21,22

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characters of Zinc-Resistant Bacteria RY12

For this purpose, crude DNA of the selected isolates was extracted following the method.²³ The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and ribotyping were done to characterize identified bacteria by amplifying the gene. Total genomic DNA was extracted by the CTAB method.²⁴ Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the amplification of 16S rRNA using 16S rRNA PCR primers, PA (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′, and PH (5′-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3′).²⁵ The isolate was grown in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth for ribotyping, and total genomic DNA was extracted. PCR products were eluted using a gel extraction kit (Fermentas, Germany) and sent for commercial sequencing (Eurofins MWG Operon LLC, USA). After amplification, 16S rRNA sequences were compared with known sequences in the GenBank database. NCBI blast analysis was used to search for similar sequences, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using partial 16S rDNA gene sequences through the computer software (MEGA v7.0).²⁶

Effect of Zinc on the Growth of Strain RY12

The RY12 strain was grown in a nutrient broth medium supplemented with a 1 mM concentration of zinc and incubated at 28°C (constant pH 8.0) for 72 hours. After that, the broth was centrifuged at 10 000 rpm for 10 minutes. Optical density (OD) was measured at different time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, and 72) hours.²⁷

Accumulation and Removal of Zinc Metal by Biosorbent (RY12)

A highly zinc-resistant bacterial strain with optimal growth was selected with steady increases in zinc concentrations up to 20 mM or more. Biosorption of zinc was assessed by letting the selected bacterial isolate interact with Zn in MSM broth at pH 7.2. One mL of culture was inoculated in round bottom flasks from overnight grown bacteria (10⁸ CFU/mL) containing 50 mL of sterilized nutrient broth with 500 mgkg⁻¹ of zinc salt (ZnSO4), a soluble form of zinc salt. Flasks were incubated at 30°C for 24 h on shaking. After incubation, the bacterial culture was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min.²⁸ The zinc content in the supernatant was examined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer A Analyst 400, USA). The bacterial pellets were stored at 4°C for further study. The percentage of Zn removal by the biosorbents from the culture was calculated by the difference between the initial Zn content in the culture media and sampling. A bacterial strain with high biosorption potential was selected (Figure 1 and 2).

Figure 1.

A schematic illustration shows how the Pseudomonas RY12 strain removes the Zn (II) pollutants from the industrial waste-irrigated soil to avoid toxic effects on the environment and the human population.

Figure 2.

Growth of bacteria on nutrient agar plate isolated from soil.

The biosorption efficiency of bacterial strain, A %, of the Zn (II) ion was calculated by the equation

A%= \frac{Ci - Ce}{Ce} \times 100

Ci is the initial, and Ce is the equilibrium Zn (II) metal ion concentrations.

Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy

Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy was performed to confirm the biosorption of zinc by the bacterial strains.²⁹

Preparation of Samples

Highly zinc-resistant bacterial strains were grown in nutrient broth (Oxoid, UK) with .1% zinc salt (ZnSO₄.7H₂O) and without zinc used as controls. Nutrient broth (Oxoid, UK) was prepared and supplemented with zinc, autoclaved at 121°C, 15-pound pressure for 20 minutes (Samheung, Korea). Bacterial colonies were inoculated into the sterilized nutrient broth on the flasks. The flasks were kept at 30°C for 24 hours at 150 rpm, shaking in a rotator shaker (Thermo Scientific™, UK). After 24 hours, flasks were taken out of the shaker and centrifuged test and controlled at 10 000 g (Thermo Scientific™, UK) for 10 minutes. Discarded the supernatant and stored the pellet for FT-IR.

Procedure

The functional groups of the selected strain were analyzed with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrophotometer that was a pyroelectric infrared detector (Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two™ equipped with lithium tantalite (LiTa03). 2 mg of the dry mass of the control strains (without zinc) and the test strains (with zinc) were ground with 200 mg dry KBr powder (1:100) in a mortar. The mixture was hard-pressed to prepare translucent sample disks by pressure bench press. The discs were then instantly analyzed within the range of 450-4000 cm⁻¹. Spectrum 10 version 10.3.06 software was used to obtain FTIR spectra.

Statistical Analysis

All statistical analysis was performed using Graph pad Prism version 6.01. All results in this paper were presented as the mean with standard error. The significance of differences was determined by one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with (P < .05).

Results

Isolation and Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Zinc-Tolerant Bacteria

The maximum zinc level where bacteria showed growth was 35 mM (Table 1). Ten (10) strains were selected that tolerate zinc stress up to 35 mM for further study. Even though the growth of strain RY12 was observed to be uninhibited with the presence of zinc, it showed a copious slower growth rate with metal (Zn), as stated in Figure 3. Moreover, in the absence of (Zn) metal, the exponential growth of strain RY12 continued for about 8 h; however, no growth was detected when zinc was present in the culture medium (Figure 3). Additionally, Pseudomonas sp. RY12 showed a noticeable growth in Tryptic Soy Broth medium with zinc with no significant inhibition (while growth rate decreased) in bacterial growth up to 35 mM of Zn, as shown in Figure 4. Furthermore, MIC of other metals such as manganese, lead, cobalt, silver, copper, mercury, and chromium against Pseudomonas specie RY12 was in the following order, that is, Mn²⁺: 12 mM, Pb²⁺: 9 mM, Co²⁺: 15 mM, Ag²⁺: 8 mM, Cu²⁺: 5 mM, Hg²⁺: 2 mM, Cr⁶⁺:12 mM as shown in (Table 2).

Table 1.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Zinc for Isolated Bacteria.

Strains	Zinc Concentration (mM)													MIC (mM)
Strains	0.5	1	2	5	6	8	10	12	15	20	25	30	35	MIC (mM)
RY1	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	2
RY2	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	35
RY3	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	20
RY4	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	8
RY5	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	5
RY6	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	8
RY7	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	30
RY8	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	15
RY9	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	5
RY10	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
RY11	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	6
RY12	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
RY13	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	10
RY14	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
RY15	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	12
RY16	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	5
RY17	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	8
RY18	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	2
RY19	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	25
RY20	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	5
RY21	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	5
RY22	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	8
RY23	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	12
RY24	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	35
RY25	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	35
RY26	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	30
RY27	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	15
RY28	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	1

Figure 3.

Effect of different concentrations of (Zn²⁺) on the growth of Pseudomonas sp. RY12.

Figure 4.

Effect of (Zn²⁺) on the growth of bacterium Pseudomonas sp. RY12 with different time intervals.

Table 2.

Cross Metal Tolerance of Zinc Tolerant Bacterial Isolate RY12.

Heavy Metals	Metal Tolerance Concentration (mM)
Manganese	12
Lead	9
Cobalt	15
Silver	8
Copper	5
Mercury	2
Chromium	12

Identification of Selected Zinc Tolerant Strain RY12

After screening the potential of zinc tolerance, the RY12 strain was selected, having the maximum capability of zinc resistance. RY12 showed light yellow, round, pigmented colonies on nutrient agar plates. Gram staining and spore staining revealed that the strain was Gram-negative and non-spore-forming rods.

Biochemical Characterization of Selected Strain RY12

The selected strain was further confirmed based on biochemical characters. Catalase test, motility test, oxidase test, urease test, indole test, and citrate utilization test were done, and results expected that the strain was from the genus Pseudomonas as depicted in Table 3.

Table 3.

Morphological and Biochemical Characters of Selected Bacterial Isolate RY12.

Morphological and Biochemical Characters	Strain RY12
Colony shape	Round
Pigment production	+
Colony color	Yellowish
Gram staining	−
Shape	Rods
Spore staining	−
Capsule	−
Catalase test	+
Motility test	+
Oxidase test	+
Urease test	−
Indole test	+
Citrate utilization test	+
	Genus Pseudomonas expected

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Selected Strain RY12

Molecular characterization of the selected isolate was carried out using 16S rRNA gene amplification. The bands appeared at 1500 bp. The strain RY12 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. The nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA genes of Pseudomonas strain RY12 was submitted to the Gene Bank under Accession No. MF351721. The result highlighted that the strain RY12 exhibited substantial differences from known strains but was narrowly linked to Pseudomonas species and therefore recognized as Pseudomonas sp. MF351721. The BLAST investigations of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Pseudomonas sp. strain RY12 MF351721 showed closely similar (99% similarity) to known Pseudomonas species. Phylogenetic studies of 16S rRNA sequence recovered from GenBank confirmed isolated Pseudomonas sp. RY12 seemed to be closely related to the Pseudomonas species, as depicted in Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Neighbor-joining linear phylogenetic tree of Pseudomonas sp. RY 12 (Accession no. MF351721).

Confirmation of Zn Biosorption by the Biosorbent RY12

After every 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 days, the samples were centrifuged at 10 000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was taken to check the decrease in zinc level with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis by two-way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant (P < .0001) decrease in zinc level with strain RY12 that was 150.9 mg/L, 134.80 mg/L, 99.99 mg/L, 5.13 mg/L & 4.12 mg/L at 0, 2, 5,10, and 15 days of incubation respectively (Figure 6). The change in zinc level was obtained from the difference between the negative control (Broth without strain RY12) and the sample (Broth with strain RY12). With the increase in the incubation period, zinc concentration decreased in broth treated with RY12, while there was no significant change in negative control with the increase in incubation period.

Figure 6.

Zinc biosorption potential of bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. RY12 at different incubation periods.

FT-IR Analysis of Strain Pseudomonas sp. RY12

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the biosorption of zinc. The FT-IR is the most useful analytical technique for identifying functional groups. FT-IR analysis was carried out to confirm the difference between the functional groups in relation to biosorption of zinc in bacteria grown in the presence of zinc and control bacteria grown without metal. There was a huge change in the absorption spectra of control and metal-loaded bacterial mass. The infra-red spectroscopic analysis confirmed the active role of various functional groups, including amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and phosphate moieties, in metal chelation. The peaks at wavenumber 769 cm⁻¹ recognized as O=C-N, 1033 cm⁻¹ stretching of C-OP bond, 1394 cm⁻¹ symmetric stretching of C=O, 1455 cm⁻¹ corresponds to bending of C-H bond in CH₂ and CH₃ groups, 1542 cm⁻¹ asymmetric stretching of COO-group, N-H bending and C-N stretching in amide (amide II band), 1627 cm⁻¹ stretching C=O in amides (amide I band), 2927 cm⁻¹ asymmetric stretching of CH₂ group and 3275 cm⁻¹ asymmetric and symmetric stretching of O-H group. Comparison of bacterial envelope after treatment with zinc clearly depicts peak shifting at 765 cm⁻¹/769 cm⁻¹ (O=C-N group), 1033 cm⁻¹/1050 cm⁻¹ (C-OP group), 1372 cm⁻¹/1394 cm⁻¹ (C=O group), 1437 cm⁻¹/1455 cm⁻¹ (C-H group), 1541 cm⁻¹/1542 cm⁻¹ (C=O group), and 2921 cm⁻¹/2927 cm⁻¹ (C-H group). Moreover, alterations in wave numbers 1627 and 3275 represent the importance of the amide group and hydroxyl group in metal chelation (Figure 7).

Figure 7.

FT-IR spectrum produced by Pseudomonas sp. RY12 in treated and untreated cells with zinc.

Blue: Untreated (without zinc) cells

Red: Treated (with zinc) cells

Discussion

The proper wastewater treatment not only accomplishes the hassles for agriculture irrigation but also decreases the environmental pollution and protects the public health. Still, industrial wastewater treatment is a well-built engineering science that requires numerous practices and procedures to treat wastewater 2 proficiently.

For that purpose, 50 soil samples were collected from different areas of district Faisalabad, Pakistan, near the industrial areas. Malik et al³⁰ collected soil samples from various localities, including parks, roadsides, and agricultural and industrial areas of the Sialkot district. In comparison, Mahmood and Malik³¹ collected samples from different regions in Lahore, Pakistan. Twenty-eight samples were selected after bacterial growth, and the MIC of these strains was estimated in the present study. Out of 28 bacterial strains, 10 strains having maximum ability to grow under zinc stress at 35 mM were selected.

Islam et al³² selected Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 1.5 g/kg zinc stress. Sen and Joshi³³ conducted the same study, in which, 23 zinc-resistant bacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil contaminated with zinc in an area of Udaipur close to the zinc mine and described that the minimum inhibitory concentration against zinc of all these isolates fluctuated between 2 and 31 mg/mL. Haroun et al³⁴ also reported the tolerance of heavy metals by different bacterial strains, and the maximum resistance was perceived with zinc, followed by cobalt and chromium.

As previously reported in various researches throughout the world, the growth rate of Pseudomonas sp. RY12 also decreased as zinc metal concentration increased in the current study.^27,35,36 The explanation for the substantially reduced growth rate, in this case, could be attributed to the elevated zinc level (35 mM), even though lower levels (17 mM) of Zn⁺² were found in previous studies.³⁷ While tolerance to other metals (Mn, Pb, Co, Ag, Cu, Hg, Cr) may vary depending on the type of metal, the genotype of bacteria, the nature of the metals, and the pH of the culture medium.^27,38 This resistance to hazardous metals could be attributed to various mechanisms, including metal bioaccumulation by microorganisms, ion exclusion, and the development of low-molecular-weight binding proteins.^38-40 Based on zinc resistance, the current strain has been selected and identified by biochemical and molecular analysis. It was a crucial task to identify the bacterial isolate accurately. Marzan et al³⁶ characterized 3 isolates of metal degradation biochemically and conditionally categorized those isolates up to the genus level as Micrococcus sp., Gemella sp., and Hafnia sp. Rohomania et al⁴¹ selected 12 bacterial isolates for biochemical investigations and results showed that all isolates were positive for catalase and starch hydrolysis while 8 strains were capable of utilizing citrate, and from 12 strains, only 5 could reduce nitrate. Kaur et al³⁷ investigated that 18 out of 30 strains showed capability for starch hydrolysis, 27 were favorable for utilization of citrate, 6 were positive for nitrate reduction, one strain was positive for gelatin liquefaction, 19 strains were positive for catalase production and 4 isolates were found positive for oxidase production. Phenotypic processes are time-consuming and sometimes fail to identify the exact bacteria. 16S rRNA sequencing is a recent method for identification and offers a valuable alternative. It has been used widely to identify prokaryotes.^42-44 MEGA v7.0 software for Phylogenetic investigations of 16S rRNA sequence confirmed that isolate Pseudomonas sp. RY12 (MF351721) seemed closely related to the Pseudomonas species. The same software was used by Tariq et al. 38 to investigate Staphylococcus aureus strain K1. Tamura et al²⁶ practiced the MEGA5 version in the research.

Pseudomonas alcaligenes was studied by Leung et al⁴⁵ and found capable of removing a significant quantity of lead and copper. The biosorption potential of different heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead by PGPR strains has been studied by various scientists.^46-51 The zinc biosorption potential of the selected isolates was determined in zinc soluble salt (zinc sulfate) at different incubation periods. Strain R12 showed maximum biosorptive potential. Biosorption of zinc was significantly increased with the increasing incubation period. The reduction of zinc ions by microbial cells can be both intracellular or extracellular^52-54 that undergo biotransformation by enzymatic processes in different microbes and by biosorption where metallic ions get adsorbed on cellular surfaces.⁵⁵ Cheung and Gu⁵⁶ experimented that the accumulation of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ was mainly on these bacteria’s cell walls rather than accumulated inside the cell. These processes can be engaged for the physical removal of zinc metal in precipitate form and help decline the toxic effect of these metallic ions.

In some cases, biosorption of these heavy metals by the biosorbents reaches within one hour.⁵⁷ Similar results were shown by Tariq et al³⁸ where Staphylococcus aureus K1 reduced nearly all of the chromium present in the medium after 24 hours. Limcharoensuk et al⁵⁸ experimented on cadmium and zinc biosorption. Results revealed that biosorption of zinc took more time than biosorption of cadmium, as in Feng et al⁵⁹ where biosorption of zinc took more time than lead biosorption. Maximum biosorption was seen on day 7 of incubation. In the present study, biosorption of zinc increased with the incubation period and was at a maximum at day 15.

Fourier-Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum analysis was performed to record the purified EPS and the chemical binding of Zn²⁺. The uptake of zinc metal is due to the functional groups present in the bacterial cell wall and metal chemistry. The cell walls with primary functional groups like phosphate, carboxyl, and amine are capable of zinc sorption and deprotonated at high pH.⁶⁰ The dominance and alteration in the peak intensity ranged from 1370 to 1394 cm⁻¹ denoted the existence of carbon and phosphorous-containing oxygen atoms and directed their interaction with zinc ions.⁶¹ It gives the impression of bacterial cell oxidation in zinc biosorption that resulted in changes in the overall IR spectrum.⁶² The functional groups in bacterial strains have previously been stated to interact with metals in cationic form. Metal ions coordinate with peptide bonds with either carboxyl or amino side chains or oxygen and nitrogen.⁶³ In the current study, a shift in wavenumber from 2927 cm⁻¹ asymmetric stretching of the CH2 group and 3275 cm⁻1 asymmetric and symmetric stretching of the O-H group represented membrane proteins' contribution in zinc binding.⁶⁴ The speedy reduction of divalent zinc might be endorsed to surface binding because of several functional groups on the bacterial cell wall and internal diffusion (bioaccumulation), as previously reported.^65,66

The results of this study are in line with the findings of Ngabura^67, who assumed that amino groups might have a chief role in zinc binding with the cell membrane, as they were the main components of carbohydrates, protein, and hexosamine existing in cell membranes. Additionally, a similar altered FTIR spectrum was observed for zinc-treated cells, proposing the development of zinc complexes with membranous proteins.⁶⁸ These alterations in the FTIR spectrum of Pseudomonas sp. RY12 revealed the metal bonding processes that had taken place on bacterial surfaces with different functional groups.⁶⁹

Conclusion

The current study showed that bacteria thrive in contaminated environments which may keep agriculture and environment friendly talent even under heavy metal stress. Heavy metal resistance ability of these bacteria makes them possible to survive in a polluted environment. In present study, Pseudomonas sp. RY12 is used to bioremediate Zn heavy metal from agricultural soil polluted with the heavy metal-contaminated water and this indigenous bacterial stain has biosorbent potential towards Zn heavy metal. Finally, this potent strain can be used to bioremediate the heavy metal-contaminated agricultural soils and to achieve the eco-friendly, low-cost goals of sustainable agriculture.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Riffat Yasmin

Muhammad Shoaib Zafar

Imtiaz Mahmood Tahir

Rizwan Asif

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Biosorptive Potential of Pseudomonas species RY12 Toward Zinc Heavy Metal in Agriculture Soil Irrigated with Contaminated Waste Water

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Soil Sampling and Culture Conditions

Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Zinc for Isolated Bacteria

Determination of Bacterial Tolerance to Oher Heavy Metals

Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Zinc-Resistant Bacteria RY12

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characters of Zinc-Resistant Bacteria RY12

Effect of Zinc on the Growth of Strain RY12

Accumulation and Removal of Zinc Metal by Biosorbent (RY12)

Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy

Preparation of Samples

Procedure

Statistical Analysis

Results

Isolation and Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Zinc-Tolerant Bacteria

Identification of Selected Zinc Tolerant Strain RY12

Biochemical Characterization of Selected Strain RY12

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Selected Strain RY12

Confirmation of Zn Biosorption by the Biosorbent RY12

FT-IR Analysis of Strain Pseudomonas sp. RY12

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iDs

References