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Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the acute effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise, with low frequency (5 Hz), on the pain level (PL), trunk flexibility, and cardiovascular responses (blood pressure [BP] and heart rate [HR]) in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty-four individuals were included in the study (control: 15) or in (WBV exercise: 29) groups. They were submitted to 3 bouts (1 minute each) of WBV exercise (5 Hz and peak-to-peak displacements of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mm, corresponding to peak accelerations of 0.12, 0.25, and 0.35 g, respectively, sitting in a chair with the feet on the platform with knees flexed, followed by 1 minute of interset rest. The Control Group performed the same protocol, but the platform was turned off. The PL was measured through the visual analog pain scale, and the flexibility was measured through the anterior trunk flexion test. Significant improvements on PL (P = .031) and flexibility (P = .004) were found only in the WBV exercise group. The BP and HR remained at physiological levels. In conclusion, the WBV exercise would lead to physiological response decreasing PL and increasing flexibility as well as maintaining the cardiovascular responses in individuals with MetS.

Keywords

Mechanical vibration metabolic syndrome flexibility pain cardiovascular responses

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical disorder defined by interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors, including alterations in the level of the lipids in the plasma, arterial hypertension, central adiposity, and insulin resistance and hyperglycemia that directly increase the cardiovascular risks.¹ Moreover, these conditions are linked by a pathophysiological basis in low-grade chronic inflammation and also increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and all-cause mortality.²

Musculoskeletal pain can be found in individuals with MetS,³ and they can also show peripheral small-fiber neuropathy, characterized by damage to the primary afferent nociceptors due to chronic hyperglycemia, when the T2DM is present.² This damage causes peripheral sensitization, leading to central neuron hyperexcitability and spontaneous nerve impulse generation, presenting as chronic pain.² In addition, obese people have more pain than normal weight individuals.⁴ Duruöz et al⁵ have reported that in individuals with MetS, low back pain can also be found. In general, the mechanisms underlying the association between these metabolic disturbances and pain are not still well known, although the inflammation⁶ and the mechanical overload⁷ seem to have important roles in these relations.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), in 2016,⁸ more than 50% of deaths and disability related to cardiovascular diseases can be eliminated by a combination of national efforts and individual actions to reduce major risk factors such as high blood pressure (BP), high cholesterol, obesity, and smoking. Then, the morbidity and the mortality may be reduced by simple lifestyle interventions and easily modifiable behavior changes. The WHO⁸ estimates that 25% of healthier life-years will be lost to cardiovascular disease globally by 2020 if no action is taken to improve cardiovascular health and current trends. Putting together all the considerations, MetS would be related to a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and T2DM, which occur together more often than by chance alone.⁹ Heart disease and stroke costs in the United States were about $320 billion on health care and lost productivity in 2011 according the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.¹⁰ In this context, the WHO⁸ has stated that countries might adopt policies and programs to promote population-wide interventions such as encouraging exercise and other actions. The physical disuse has been presented as one of the perpetuating factors for chronicity of pain, and some authors¹¹ have suggested that the presence of MetS is importantly associated with a low physical performance and decreased cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and muscular strength.¹²

Chang et al¹³ have reported that the presence of MetS was also associated with a decrease in flexibility in a community-based geriatric population. Therefore, physical reconditioning has been proposed in clinical practice as a goal in the treatment of patients with MetS.¹⁴ Despite this, not all forms of exercise are equally effective and safe; although aerobic exercise^1,15 or resistance training has been associated with decreased cardiovascular disease risk factors, obesity, or MetS severity^14,16 due to the pain or even the low physical fitness, most individuals are unable or unwilling to perform these exercises.^11,17

Given the limitations for some types of exercises that many individuals report, different forms of exercise are being suggested in the literature for people with MetS.¹⁸ In this sense, whole-body vibration (WBV), which is a modality of exercise involving mechanical vibration generated in oscillating/vibratory platform, has been used as an alternative to manage individuals with different clinical disorders, including fibromyalgia,^19,20 cerebral palsy,²¹ and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.²² The WBV exercise can be considered a feasible, safe, and low-cost technique to the improvement of health in various populations.^19

–22 Biomechanical parameters, such as the frequency and the peak-to-peak displacement of the mechanical vibration, must be considered in the WBV exercise protocols.²³ Wei et al²⁴ consider low frequency (20 Hz), medium frequency (40 Hz), and high frequency (60 Hz).

The WBV exercise is associated with lower neuropathic pain symptoms and acute and chronic reductions in pain levels (PLs) measured in a visual analog pain scale (VAS).²⁵ There is also strong evidence of the effects of WBV on fitness, including improvements in the flexibility of the lower limbs,^26,27 that could be justified by stretching of the muscles.^28,29 It was suggested that WBV would reduce the stiffness and hysteresis of the tendon, alter the properties of the intramuscular connective tissue,²⁹ and possibly modify those of other passive skeletal structures related to the range of motion for a determined joint³⁰ such as the knee.²⁸ Acute and short- and long-term effects of WBV exercise have been studied^21,28,29,31 as well as cardiovascular responses by WBV in young health adults,^32,33 older adults,³⁴ and obese women.³⁵

An increase in oxygen consumption (VO₂) with minimal cardiovascular stress (heart rate [HR], blood flow, or mean arterial pressure) with the addition of WBV to a static semi-squat exercise has been demonstrated. The findings could be justified based on type or intensity of vibration.³⁵

Di Giminiani et al³⁶ showed that WBV acutely increased lower back and hamstring flexibility and seems to be effective on flexibility also in clinical populations,^37,38 and this kind of exercise could improve the quality of life that is poor in individuals with MetS.^39,40 In fact, as reviewed by Sá-Caputo et al,²⁶ WBV exercise could be suggested as a strategy to improve flexibility in individuals with MetS. Beavers et al¹¹ reported a poor physical performance in older adults with MetS.

Considering the need and importance of physical activities, the aim of the study was to assess the acute effect of WBV exercise, with low frequency (5 Hz), on the (1) PL, (2) flexibility, and (3) cardiovascular responses (BP and HR) in individuals with MetS. We hypothesized that 5 Hz WBV exposure would be feasible, suitable, and safe and could significantly favor better conditions to pain, flexibility, and cardiovascular responses in individuals with MetS.

Materials and Methods

As the entrance of the individuals to participate in this project was not considering a specific randomization, the study is an interventionist, cross-sectional, pseudo-randomized controlled trial. In this sequence, they were allocated in the control or in the WBV exercise groups.

In the current study, the problem was the unknown effect of low-frequency (5 Hz) WBV on pain, flexibility, and cardiovascular responses of individuals with MetS immediately after a session of WBV and in a control group (individuals without vibration exposition). This frequency (5 Hz) was previously used in a work using WBV exercise in a case report of individuals with MetS²⁶ and in a protocol involving individuals with knee osteoarthritis.⁴¹

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HUPE/UERJ) with the number CAAE 54981315.6.0000.5259.

Participants

Forty-nine participants with MetS were selected. Recruitment and all the procedures were done from October 2013 to December 2015. The selection of the participants was made through a screening performed by the medical staff of HUPE/UERJ. The principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are registered. The registration was performed following the guidelines of the Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos numbered RBR2bghmh.

The eligibility criteria were outpatient older than 40 years with previous clinical diagnosis of MetS based on the criteria described by the International Diabetes Federation.⁹ The exclusion criteria were individuals with high BP (≥180 × 110 mm Hg), cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease or stroke), and neurological, musculoskeletal, or rheumatologic disease that do not permit perform WBV exercise. Those participants who refused to sign the consent form for participation in the study were also excluded.

The Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-randomized Designs statements⁴² were used to report all the different steps of the interventions utilized in this study. The dependent variables (pain, flexibility, BP, and HR) were measured before and after the WBV session (exercise group) or the control session (control group).

Sample Size

For a statistical power of 95% and significance level of 5%, a sample size (www.lee.dante.br/) of 13 participants was calculated, and the finding published by Vieira et al⁴³ was considered. A sufficiently large sample size (n = 49) was recruited to account for potential dropout.

Allocation of the Participants

A convenience sample of 44 individuals was allocated in the control group (n = 15) or in the WBV exercise group (n = 29) in the sequence of the entrance of the participants in the study.

Outcomes

The PL, flexibility, and cardiovascular responses (BP and HR) were evaluated in the control and WBV exercise groups before and after the interventions. Anthropometric parameters (height [m], waist circumference [cm], body mass [kg], body mass index [kg/m²], and age [years]) were also verified before the interventions.

Anthropometric Characteristics

The height and body mass were measured on a digital balance (MIC 200 PPA, Micheletti, São Paulo, Brazil). Then, the body mass index was calculated by dividing the mass (kg) by the height squared (m²). The baseline anthropometric data of the participants of control and WBV groups were evaluated.

Pain Level

The PL was assessed using a VAS, with 10 indicating the highest level of pain and 0 the lowest.²⁵ The analyses were performed in both groups before and after the intervention. In all, 25 individuals of the WBV exercise group and 15 individuals of the control group had pain before the interventions. The individuals have reported that the pain was felt in parts of back (lower back, cervical, and dorsal), lower (knee, heel, and hip), and upper limbs (arm, shoulder, and fist).

Flexibility

The measure of the flexibility was performed through the anterior trunk flexion (ATF) test also called fingertip-to-floor distance test.²⁶ This test consisted of measuring the distance between the tip of middle finger and the floor after an ATF, with feet together and without bending the knees^26,44 (Figure 1). The distance between the third finger of the hand to the floor and the measurements were performed once before and after the procedures in both the groups.

Figure 1.

Individual performing the anterior trunk flexion test.

Cardiovascular Responses (BP and HR)

An automated device (OMRON, model HEM-7113, China) was utilized to record the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; mm Hg), and the HR (beats/min) was measured on the left arm of seated patient after a 10-minute rest.⁴⁵ Three measurements were performed with 1 minute of rest after each measurement. Means of these 3 records of SBP and DBP and HR were used in the analyses of the WBV exercise group and the control group. The measurements were performed before and after the interventions in both the groups.

WBV exercise group Intervention

Patients were seated in a chair, in front of the platform, with their bare feet on the base of the side alternating oscillating/vibratory platform (Novaplate, Fitness Evolution, São Paulo, Brazil) with knees 50º flexed (from full extension of 180º; Figure 2A). The height of the chair was selected depending on the height of the individual to have the same knee flexion. The hands of the patient was positioned on the knees to facilitate the transmission of the mechanical vibration to the whole body and to generate WBV exercise in the individual.

Figure 2.

(A) Position of the individual during the interventions and (B) side alternating oscillating/vibratory platform. It is indicated the frequency (Hz), the peak-to-displacement (mm), and the acceleration peak (×g) used in the WBV exercise group. WBV indicates whole-body vibration.

Participants performed the WBV exercise with low frequency (5 Hz). Different peak-to-peak displacements were sequentially used in 3 ways: (1) 2.5, (2) 5.0, and (3) 7 5 mm (Figure 2B). The gravitational force was 0.12, 0.25, and 0.35 g, respectively, for WBV. The session consisted of 9-minute bout of work interspersed with 1-minute passive rest period between each bout. The total time of intervention was 17 minutes.

Control Group Intervention

The patient performed the same position and time of the WBV exercise group, but the side alternating oscillating/vibratory platform was off and without mechanical vibration stimulus transmission.

Statistical Analysis

The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was done to determine whether the data set are well modeled by a normal distribution. The Wilcoxon rank test was used to compare the results of HR, BP, PL, and flexibility before and after each intervention (WBV or control). These results are presented in mean and standard error. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the anthropometric baseline data between WBV exercise group and control group, and these results are presented as mean (standard deviation). The level of significance was set at P < .05. These analyses were executed using the GraphPad Prism 6 statistic program.

Results

A total of 49 participants were recruited, and 44 performed the proposed intervention (15 in the Control Group and 29 in the WBV exercise group). Side effects were not found in these individuals during this study. The flow of participants through each stage of the study is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Flow of participants through each stage of the study.

The anthropometric characteristics (baseline) of the individuals in control and WBV exercise groups are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

The Baseline Anthropometric Characteristics of the Individuals of Control Group and WBV Group.^a

	Control Group, n = 15, Mean (SD)	WBV exercise Group, n = 29, Mean (SD)	P Value
Height,(m	1.61 (0.08)	1.63 (0.07)	.74
WC, cm	108.3 (15.55)	103.0 (11.09)	.32
Body mass, kg	87.43 (18.02)	83.65 (16.27)	.70
BMI, kg/m²	32.79 (6.94)	31.16 (5.35)	.55
Age, years	58.20 (9.11)	61.10 (8.39)	.38

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; WBV, whole-body vibration; WC, waist circumference.

^a P ≤ .05.

Considering the data analysis regarding the dependent variables, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups as shown in Table 2.

Table 2.

Data Analyses of Dependent Variables in the Baseline.

	Control Group, n = 15, Mean (SD)	WBV exercise Group, n = 29, Mean (SD)	P Value
Pain level (scale)	2.61 ± 0.67	2.28 (0.65)	.63
Flexibility, cm	17.81 (2.21)	17.25 (2.52)	.43
SBP, mm Hg	121.3 (3.94)	129.0 (3.45)	.97
DBP, mm Hg	65.65 (2.86)	68.57 (2.55)	.27
Heart rate, beats/min	67.29 (2.70)	70.29 (3.20)	.63

Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; WBV, whole-body vibration.

All individuals completed the study, and the results before and after the intervention are presented for all the outcomes (PL, flexibility, and cardiovascular responses).

Considering the PL, the individuals of the WBV exercise group presented a decrease in this parameter, with 2.28 ± 0.65 before and 1.76 ± 0.57 after the WBV exercise intervention (P = .03). In the Control Group, no significant change was observed, with 2.61 ± 0.67 before and 2.72 ± 0.72 after the intervention (P = .75).

A significant difference (P < .05) in ATF was found in WBV exercise group, indicating an improvement on the flexibility of these individuals. The value was 17.25 ± 2.52 cm before and 15.15 ± 2.36 cm after the intervention (P = .004). In the Control Group, no improvement in the flexibility was presented, and the data were 17.81 ± 2.21 cm before and 16.84 ± 2.61 cm after the intervention (P = .28). None of the participants was able to reach the floor with the third finger.

Considering the cardiovascular responses, in the Control Group, the findings of SBP were 121.3 ± 3.94 mm Hg before and 125.3 ± 3.82 mm Hg after the intervention (P = .06). The data of DBP were 65.65 ± 2.86 mm Hg before and 67.94 ± 2.63 mm Hg after the intervention (P = .08). In the WBV exercise group, the SBP was 129.0 ± 3.45 mm Hg before and 130.8 ± 3.25 mm Hg after the WBV exercise (P = .048). The data of DBP was 68.57 ± 2.55 mm Hg before and 68.48 ± 2.42 mm Hg after the WBV exercise (P = .92). The HR was measured and found to be 67.29 ± 2.70 beats/min before and 67.47 ± 2.80 beats/min after the intervention (P = .71) in the control group. In the WBV exercise group, it was 70.29 ± 3.20 beats/min before and 68.67 ± 3.25 beats/min after the WBV exercise (P = .16). These parameters were not altered and are presented in Figure 4A–D.

Figure 4.

(A) Blood pressure of control group, (B) blood pressure of whole-body vibration exercise group, (C) heart rate of control group, and (D) heart rate of whole-body vibration exercise group. BP indicates blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate.

Discussion

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of WBV on the flexibility in individuals with MetS and to determine whether these improvements are related to symptom severity (bodily pain). The major findings of the study are that the WBV protocol applied with a low frequency (5 Hz) and that different peak-to-peak displacement resulted in improvements, reducing the PL and increasing flexibility. The results may be of clinical importance, as WBV exercise could be considered as a safe and reliable strategy in the management of individuals with MetS. Moreover, this is a study that uses a simple and comfortable position related to the WBV exercise to the management of individuals with MetS.

Considering the relevance of exercises that could be suitable and safe, and based on the analyses of the aforementioned results about the cardiovascular responses, there were no statistically significant differences in SBP, DBP, and HR, before and after the WBV exercise with 5 Hz in a side alternating oscillating/vibratory platform. This is in agreement with the findings reported by Robbins et al⁴⁶ after WBV, although they used 40 Hz in a synchronous platform in healthy participants (12 males and 8 females). Figueroa et al⁴⁷ suggested that WBV training with 25 to 30 Hz in a synchronous platform may benefit arterial function in deconditioned individuals who cannot perform conventional exercise. The authors reported that 6 weeks of WBV training decreased systemic arterial stiffness and SBP via improvements in wave reflection and sympathovagal balance in young overweight/obese normotensive women. Thus, it is proposed that the WBV exercise may be used safely by individuals with MetS without changes of the physiological levels of arterial BP and HR.

As improvements in the flexibility are important for the maintenance of the mobility and a better functional independence, the flexibility was investigated in the current study. Chang et al¹³ have pointed out that flexibility should be included in the complete evaluation for individuals with MetS. Jacobs and Burns⁴⁸ have suggested the application of WBV as a preparatory activity before more intense exercise in untrained individuals. Sá-Caputo et al²⁶ also found improvement on flexibility in individuals with MetS after a similar protocol that was used in the current study, although this is the unique study with the investigated patient. Similarly, Rittweger³⁵ suggested that stretching could reduce the stiffness and hypothesize that these changes could be due to alterations in (1) tendon, (2) properties of the intramuscular connective tissue, and (3) passive skeletal structures that together define the range of motion for a specific joint.³⁴ There is evidence in the literature suggesting that WBV can improve flexibility in both trained and untrained participants,⁴⁷ and previous studies have found that WBV can acutely increase lower back and hamstring flexibility.³⁶ These changes were attributed to the activation of the Ia inhibitory interneurons of the antagonist muscle after vibration. Another possible explanation to these changes was reported by Cardinale and Bosco⁴⁹ who suggested that vibration may have caused changes in intramuscular coordination, leading to a decrease in the braking force around the hip and lower back joints, which may also explain, at least in part, the improvements shown in this study. In addition, an increase in the skin temperature and blood flow could also partly justify the findings of this study³⁷ because these physiological conditions could improve the range of the motion of the joints.⁵⁰

The current results may be related to a decrease in pain sensation. Although the mechanisms underlying the association between metabolic disturbances and pain would be complex, the inflammation⁶ and the mechanical overload⁷ would be associated with a reduction in chronic pain, especially in neuropathic pain symptoms.²⁵ As proposed by Kessler and Hong,²⁵ it may be suggested that the mechanisms to justify the acute pain effects would be related to vibration-induced sensory inhibition at both the peripheral and the central levels. At the peripheral level, a sensory inhibition would be linked to the gate control theory of pain.⁵¹ According this theory, pain signals need to encounter “neurological gates” at the spinal cord level and are in charge of determining whether the pain signals should reach the brain or not. In other words, pain is perceived when the gate gives way to the pain signals, and it is less intense or not at all perceived when the gate closes for the signals to pass through. Thus, this may be the reason why WBV is able to reduce the pain signal. Moreover, as postulated by Longe et al,⁵² pain relief due the WBV would be linked to the phenomenon related to the inhibition caused when the sensory fibers type Aβ conducting stimulus from specific mechanoreceptors, such as Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles. This phenomenon would reduce the painful input of the type C fibers by activating inhibitory circuits of the dorsal horn. At the central level, the inhibition caused by vibration would be justified by the proximity of areas responsible for processing pain and vibrotactile sensations in the somatosensory cortices of the brain.⁵³ This may be of importance, since individuals with MetS would have possibility in developing pain conditions, and WBV could be suggested as a safe strategy to decrease pain.

Despite promising results, the current study has some limitations. It should be noted that the population of this work consisted of outpatients with MetS. A relatively small number of patients participated in the study, but it is higher than the number needed that was calculated for the sample size. Moreover, the participants maintained the medication prescribed by the physician during the interventions. In addition, only acute effects are shown; however, these effects might relevant in the rehabilitation of patients with MetS.

Conclusion

It is concluded that WBV exercise exposure with low frequency (5 Hz) is responsible in inducing physiologic parameters that contribute to decrease the PL and to increase the flexibility as well as to maintain cardiovascular responses (HR and BP) in individuals with MetS. As a consequence, WBV exercise may be considered as useful, feasible, and safe strategy to be used on the management of individuals with MetS.

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

Sá-Caputo DC and Paineiras-Domingos LL participated in the elaboration and execution of the study. Sá-Caputo DC and Paineiras-Domingos LL did the statistical analysis. Bernardo-Filho M coordinated the study and helped on the draft of manuscript. Sá-Caputo DC, Oliveira R, Neves MTF, Brandão A, Marin PJ, Sañudo B, Furness T, Taiar R, and Bernardo-Filho M reviewed and approved the final version of this investigation. Research Ethics Committee with the number CAAE 54981315.6.0000.5259, register in the Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC) with the number RBR 2bghmh and UTN: U1111-1181-1177.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Dr Tarik Isbelle, Dr Eric Heleno F. F. Frederico, and Dr Mario Pereira for all the support in this study.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors are thankful to Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), and Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) for their financial support. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

ORCID iD

L.L. Paineiras-Domingos

Borja Sañudo

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Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on the Pain Level,Flexibility,and Cardiovascular Responses in Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Participants

Sample Size

Allocation of the Participants

Outcomes

Anthropometric Characteristics

Pain Level

Flexibility

Cardiovascular Responses (BP and HR)

WBV exercise group Intervention

Control Group Intervention

Statistical Analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

Acknowledgments

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References