The Medial Femoral Trochlea Osteochondral Flap for Scaphoid Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background:

The medial femoral trochlea flap has been used to resurface scaphoids with recalcitrant proximal pole fractures or avascular necrosis, providing vascularized osteochondral tissue with similar morphological characteristics. This article aims to review the contemporary literature on its use for scaphoid reconstruction.

Methods:

A systematic review of Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and MEDLINE assessed the use of medial femoral trochlea flaps in scaphoids.

Results:

Eight studies were included, with 76 patients at a mean age of 26 years. Forty-three patients underwent clinical review, and 10 patients underwent radiographic evaluation, at a mean 23.3 months of follow-up. Flaps were generally performed for proximal pole fractures, avascular necrosis, nonunion, or failure of prior fixation; 94.4% of the flaps united. No marked change in sagittal plane motion was noted; reductions were seen in axial and coronal plane motion. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores improved from a mean of 25.2 to 11.5. Radiographic markers also improved. A total of 12.3% of patients had unplanned return to theater. Three patients required early revision for vascular thrombosis, and 1 patient suffered a volar carpal dislocation. Three patients underwent salvage procedures for ongoing pain.

Conclusions:

Although technically demanding, promising early-term to medium-term results are noted with the use of medial femoral trochlea flaps in the scaphoid.