Polyamide 6 (PA6) was melt-blended with an intumescent flame retardant (FR), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and nanoclay particles to produce multi-component FR-PA6 nanocomposites. FR-PA6 nanofibers were processed from varied nanocomposite formulations via electrospinning. Electrospinnability, morphology, along with combustion and thermal properties of the nanofibers were investigated. Both the bulk-form nanocomposites and the electrospun nanofiber membranes exhibited significantly improved combustion properties, including both Heat Release Rate and Total Heat Release. On the other hand, thermal stability appeared compromised. With proper FR additive concentrations, synergism between MWNTs and nanoclay was observed.
KarterM.J.J., Fire Loss in the United States during 2010.2011, National Fire Protection Association: Quincy, MA
2.
HorrocksA.R., Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres: New chemistry versus innovatory solutions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2011. 96(3): 377–392.
3.
BourbigotS., JamaC., Le BrasM., DelobelR., DessauxO., and GoudmandP., New approach to flame retardancy using plasma assisted surface polymerisation techniques. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1999. 66(1): 153–155.
4.
HorrocksA.R., KandolaB.K., DaviesP.J., ZhangS., and PadburyS.A., Developments in flame retardant textiles – a review. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2005. 88(1): 3–12.
5.
TsafackM.J., and Levalois-GrützmacherJ., Flame retardancy of cotton textiles by plasma-induced graft-polymerization (PIGP). Surface and Coatings Technology, 2006. 201(6): 2599–2610.
6.
TourJ.M., Synthesis and Testing of New Flame Retardant Monomers and Polymer Additives.2006, William Marsh Rice University: Houston, Texas. p. 69.
7.
AhrensM., The U.S fire problem overview report: leading causes and other patterns and trends.2003, National Fire Protection Association: Quincy, MA
8.
SubbulakshmiM.S., KasturiyaN., Hansraj, BajajP., and AgarwalA.K., Production of Flame-Retardant Nylon 6 and 6.6. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C, 2000. 40(1): 85–104.
9.
WuW.Flame retardant finishing for cotton using a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer. Doctor oh Philosophy in Textile Sciences in Dept. of Textiles, Merchandizing and Interiors, The University of Georgia. [Doctor of Philosophy in Textile Sciences], 2004. 213 p.
10.
WeilE.D., and LevchikS.V., Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles. Journal of Fire Sciences, 2008. 26(3): 243–281.
11.
SmithW.C.High Performance and High Temperature Resistant Fibers-Emphasis on Protective Clothing.1999. 17 p.
12.
WuX., and YangC.Q., Flame Retardant Finishing of Cotton Fleece Fabric: Part III — The Combination of Maleic Acid and Sodium Hypophosphite. Journal of Fire Sciences, 2008. 26(4): 351–368.
13.
GaanS., RupperP., SalimovaV., HeubergerM., RabeS., and VogelF., Thermal decomposition and burning behavior of cellulose treated with ethyl ester phosphoramidates: Effect of alkyl substituent on nitrogen atom. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2009. 94(7): p. 1125–1134.
14.
YangC.Q., and YangH., The Flame Retardant Nomex/Cotton and Nylon/Cotton Blend Fabrics for Protective Clothing, in Advances in Modern Woven Fabrics Technology, VassiliadisS., Editor. 2011, InTech.
15.
KatovicD., GrgacS.F., Bischof-VukušicS., and KatovicA., Formaldehyde Free Binding System for Flame Retardant Finishing of Cotton Fabrics. Fibers and Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2012. 20(1): 94–98.
16.
HorrocksA.R., WangM.Y., HallM.E., SunmonuF., and PearsonJ.S., Flame retardant textile back-coatings. Part 2. Effectiveness of phosphorus-containing flame retardants in textile back-coating formulations. Polymer International, 2000. 49(10): 1079–1091.
17.
WangM.Y., HorrocksA.R., HorrocksS., HallM.E., PearsonJ.S., and CleggS., Flame Retardant Textile Back-Coatings. Part 1: Antimony-Halogen System Interactions and the Effect of Replacement by Phosphorus-Containing Agents. Journal of Fire Sciences, 2000. 18(4): 265–294.
18.
DongY., LiscoB., WuH., KooJ.H., and KrifaM., 2015. Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ferrum ammonium phosphate-halloysite/epoxy polymer nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132 (13). doi: 10.1002/app.41681.
19.
LaoS.C., WuC., MoonT.J., KooJ.H., MorganA., PilatoL., and WisslerG., Flame-retardant polyamide 11 and 12 nanocomposites: thermal and flammability properties. J. Compos. Mater., 2009. 43(17): 1803–1818.
20.
WuH., YinX., KrifaM., LondaM., and KooJ., Fabrication and Characterization of Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Nanocomposites via Electro spinning, in SAMPE TECH 2011. 2011: Fort Worth, TX.
21.
YinX., WuH., KrifaM., LondaM., and KooJ., Flame retardant polyamide 6–MWNT nanocomposites: Characterization and processing via electrospinning, in SAMPE TECH 2011. 2011: Fort Worth, TX.
22.
CastelvetroV., FatarellaE., CorsiL., GiaiacopiS., and CiardelliG., Graft Polymerisation of Functional Acrylic Monomers onto Cotton Fibres Activated by Continuous Ar Plasma. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2006. 3(1): 48–57.
23.
ChmielewskiA.G., Haji-SaeidM., and AhmedS., Progress in radiation processing of polymers. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2005. 236(1-4): 44–54.
24.
LiuH., AlkadasiN., ZhuY., TongL.-f., FangZ.-p., and WangY.-c., Electron beam irradiated HDPE/EVA/Mg(OH)2 composites for flame-retardant electric cables. Frontiers of Materials Science in China, 2008. 2(4): 426–429.
25.
LiuW., ZhangS., ChenX., YuL., ZhuX., and FengQ., Thermal behavior and fire performance of nylon-6, 6 fabric modified with acrylamide by photografting. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2010. 95(9): 1842–1848.
26.
TotolinV., SarmadiM., ManolacheS.O., and DenesF.S., Atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced synthesis of flame retardant cellulosic materials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010. 117(1): 281–289.
27.
TsafackM.J., and Levalois-GrützmacherJ., Plasma-induced graft-polymerization of flame retardant monomers onto PAN fabrics. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2006. 200(11): 3503–3510.
28.
KashiwagiT., GrulkeE., HildingJ., HarrisR., AwadW., and DouglasJ., Thermal degradation and flammability properties of poly(propylene)/Carbon Nanotube Composites. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2002. 23(13): 761–765.
29.
KashiwagiT., GrulkeE., HildingJ., GrothK., HarrisR., ButlerK., ShieldsJ., KharchenkoS., and DouglasJ., Thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotube nanocomposite. Polymer, 2004. 45(12): 4227–4239.
30.
SchartelB., PÖtschkeP., KnollU., and Abdel-GoadM., Fire behaviour of polyamide 6/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 2005. 41(5): 1061–1070.
31.
HapuarachchiT.D., and PeijsT., Multiwalled carbon nanotubes and sepiolite nanoclay as flame retardants for polylactide and its natural fiber reinforced composites. Composites, 2010. 41(8): 954–963.
32.
KashiwagiT., DuF., DouglasJ.F., IW.K., HarrisR.H.Jr. and S. J. R., Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites. Nature materials, 2005. 4: 928–933.
33.
KashiwagiT., MuM., WineyK., CiprianoB., RaghavanS.R., PackS., RafailovichM., YangY., GrulkeE., ShieldsJ., HarrisR., and DouglasJ., Relation between the viscoelastic and flammability properties of polymer nanocomposite. Polymer, 2008. 49(20): 4358–4368.
34.
MorganA.B., and WilkieC.A., Practical Issues and Future Trends in Polymer Nanocomposite Flammability Research, in Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites, MorganA.B., and WilkieC.A., Editors. 2007, John Wiley & Sons: Hobboken, NJ.355–399.
35.
HuY., WangS., LingZ., ZhuangY., ChenZ., and FanW., Preparation and Combustion Properties of Flame retardant nylon 6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2003. 288(3): 272–276.
36.
ChenY., FangZ., YangC., WangY., GuoZ., and ZhangY., Effect of Clay dispersion on the synergism between clay and intumescent flame retardants in polystyrene. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009. 115(2): 777–783.
37.
LuH., and WilkieC.A., Study on intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites with improved flame retardancy. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2010. 95(12): 2388–2395.
38.
LaoS.C., YongW., NguyenK., MoonT.J., KooJ.H., PilatoL., and WisslerG., 2010. Flame-retardant polyamide 11 and 12 nanocomposites: processing, morphology, and mechanical properties. J. Compos. Mater., 44(25): 2933–2951.
39.
WuH., KrifaM., and KooJ.H., 2014. Flame retardant polyamide 6/nanoclay/ intumescent nanocomposite fibers through electrospinning. Textile Res. J., 84 (10): 1106–1118.
40.
YuJ.Electrospinning of Polymeric Nanofiber Materials: Process Characterization and Unique Applications. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2007. 156.
41.
LiuY., HeJ.-H., YuJ.-y., and ZengH.-m., Controlling numbers and sizes of beads in electrospun nanofibers. Polymer International, 2008. 57(4): p. 632–636.
42.
RamakrishnaS., FujiharaK., TeoW.E., LimT.C., and MaZ., An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers.2005. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.xi, 382 p.
43.
YuJ.H., FridrikhS.V., and RutledgeG.C., The role of elasticity in the formation of electrospun fibers. Polymer, 2006. 47(13): 4789–4797.
44.
ThompsonC.J., ChaseG.G., YarinA.L., and RenekerD.H., Effects of parameters on nanofiber diameter determined from electrospinning model. Polymer, 2007. 48(23): 6913–6922.
45.
DingB., LiC., MiyauchiY., KuwakiO., and ShiratoriS., Formation of novel 2D polymer nanowebs via electorspinning. Nanotechnology, 2006. 17(15): 3685–3691.
46.
KimmerD., SlobodianP., PetrasD., ZatloukalM., OlejnikR., and SahaP., Polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanowebs prepared by an electrospinning process. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009. 111(6): 2711–2714.
47.
PantH.R., BajgaiM.P., NamK.T., SeoY.A., PandeyaD.R., HongS.T., and KimH.Y., Electrospun nylon-6 spider-like nanofiber mat containing TiO2 nanoparticles: A multifunctional nanocomposite textile material. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011. 185(1): p. 124–130.
