LevyDMPetersenKAGalloRA, et al. Injections for knee osteoarthritis: corticosteroids, viscosupplementation, platelet-rich plasma, and autologous stem cells. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(5):1730-1743.
2.
ChenPLiuQZhangZ, et al. The communication role of extracellular vesicles in the osteoarthritis microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1549833.
3.
MehranfarSJafariMEbrahimiM, et al. The use of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stem cells in the treatment of osteoarthritis: an overview of clinical trials. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019;47(1):882-890.
4.
FuscoGSaricaCLuneburgNJ, et al. Injections in the osteoarthritic knee: a review of current treatment options. EFORT Open Rev. 2021;6(6):501-509.
5.
RodeoSA. Orthobiologics: current status in 2023 and future outlook. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2023;31(12):604-613.
6.
RuizMCosenzaSMaumusM, et al. Therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2016;16(1):33-42.
7.
CaplanAI. All MSCs are pericytes?Cell Stem Cell. 2008;3(3):229-230.
8.
ZukPAZhuMMizunoH, et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;13(12):4279-4295.
9.
SchimanskiTKellerSMohrM, et al. Histology and immunohistochemistry of adipose tissue: a scoping review on staining methods and their informative value. Cells. 2025;14(12):898-905.
10.
AndiaIMaffulliN. Mesenchymal stromal cell products for intra-articular knee injections for conservative management of osteoarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1759720X21996953.
11.
WangTZhangJLiY, et al. Efficacy of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) for articular cartilage repair in osteoarthritis (OA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2025;20(1):467.
12.
BoraPMajumdarAS. Adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction in regenerative medicine: a brief review on biology and translation. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):145.
13.
Conde-GreenAKotamartiVSMakinIR, et al. Shift toward mechanical isolation of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction: review of upcoming techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(9):e1017.
14.
AronowitzJALockhartRAHakakianCS. Mechanical versus enzymatic isolation of stromal vascular fraction cells from adipose tissue. Springerplus. 2015;4:713.
15.
AronowitzJAHakakianCS. A novel and effective strategy for the isolation of adipose-derived stem cells: minimally manipulated adipose-derived stem cells for more rapid and safe stem cell therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135(2):454e.
16.
SenesiLDe FrancescoFFarinelliL, et al. Mechanical and enzymatic procedures to isolate the stromal vascular fraction from adipose tissue: preliminary results. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:88.
17.
TiryakiTFindikliNSekerogluMA, et al. A 3-step mechanical digestion method to harvest adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020;8(2):e2652.
18.
TiryakiTFindikliNSekerogluMA, et al. Hybrid stromal vascular fraction (Hybrid-SVF): a new paradigm in mechanical regenerative cell processing. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2022;10(12):e4702.
19.
MatsuoFSGollobKJRodriguesMV, et al. RANKL induces beige adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318(6):E866-E877.
20.
PersYMRuizMNoëlD, et al. Injection of adipose-derived stromal cells in the knee of patients with severe osteoarthritis has a systemic effect and promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype of circulating immune cells. Theranostics. 2018;8(20):5519-5528.
21.
PolancecDZenicLKrecakI, et al. Immunophenotyping of a stromal vascular fraction from microfragmented lipoaspirate used in osteoarthritis cartilage treatment and its lipoaspirate counterpart. Genes. 2019;10(6):474.
22.
LarsenCGMcClellanABishopM, et al. The effects of autologous fat transfer in an in vitro model of basal joint osteoarthritis. J Hand Surg Am. 2023;48(4):406.e1-406.e9.
23.
GarzaJRRiloHRBalazsGC, et al. Clinical efficacy of intra-articular mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a double-blinded prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(3):588-598.
24.
KimKIKimMSKimJH. Intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived stem cells or stromal vascular fractions: are they effective for patients with knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51(3):837-848.
25.
HohmannEGlattVTetsworthK, et al. Micro-fragmented adipose tissue demonstrates comparable clinical efficacy to other orthobiologic injections in treating symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of level I to IV clinical studies. Arthroscopy. 2025;41(2):418-441.e14.
26.
GoncharovENSmirnovaIAAleinikovVE, et al. Stromal vascular fraction therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Medicina. 2023;59(12):2090.
27.
HongZZhangXHeQ, et al. Intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions for knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind randomized self-controlled trial. Int Orthop. 2019;43(5):1123-1134.
28.
JeyaramanMMuthuSKrishnanP, et al. Efficacy of stromal vascular fraction for knee osteoarthritis: a prospective, single-centre, non-randomized study with 2 years follow-up. World J Orthop. 2024;15(5):457-468.
29.
UgutenMAytekinMNOzdemirHM, et al. Comparing mechanical and enzymatic isolation procedures to isolate adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction: a systematic review. Wound Repair Regen. 2024;32(6):1008-1021.
30.
TsubosakaMSatoTYamadaK, et al. Comparison of clinical and imaging outcomes of different doses of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cell treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Cell Transplant. 2021;30:9636897211067454.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.