This case is based on the real incidents occurring in Oakland, California in the fall of 2013. The case was adapted to occur within a school setting, and the schools and district noted within are entirely contrived for the purposes of this case. However, the original bus number, 57, was retained to pay homage to the real victims. Intimidation, bullying, and harassment that take place in schools greatly affect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth. LGBTQ students, who experience school-based discrimination and harassment, experience more negative academic outcomes and psychological struggles than their non-LGBTQ peers.
AdamsE. J. (2010). Healing invisible wounds: Why investing trauma-informed care for children makes sense. Justice Policy Institute.
2.
AndaR. F.FelittiV. J.BremnerJ. D.WalkerJ. D.WhitfieldC. H.PerryB. D.… GilesW. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4
3.
CarrellS.HoekstraM. (2008). Externalities in the classroom: How children exposed to domestic violence affect everyone’s kids (NBER Working Paper Series No. 14246). https://www.nber.org/papers/w14246.pdf
HughesK.LoweyH.QuiggZ.BellisM. A. (2016). Relationships between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental well-being: results from an English national household survey. BMC Public Health, 16(1), Article 222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2906-3
11.
JuvonenJ.GrahamS. (2001). Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized. The Guilford Press.
12.
LukJ.WangJ.Simons-MortonB. (2010). Bullying victimization and substance use among U.S. adolescents: Mediation by depression. Prevention Science, 11(4), 355–359.
13.
MartinJ.BeeseJ. (2016). Teaching for social justice: Practical case studies for professional development and principal preparation (Vol. 1). Rowman & Littlefield.
14.
MoffittT. E. (2013). Childhood exposure to violence and lifelong health: Clinical intervention science and stress-biology research join forces. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1619–1634.
PutnamF. W. (2006). The impact of trauma on child development. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 57(1), 1–11.
17.
SalleeM. W.DiazC. R. (2013). Sexual harassment, racist jokes, and homophobic slurs. In LesterJ. (Ed.), Workplace bullying in higher education (pp. 41–59). Routledge.
18.
SchimmentiA.BifulcoA. (2015). Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12051
19.
SchoreA.SchoreJ. (2008). Modern attachment theory: The central role of affect regulation in development and treatment. Journal of Clinical Social Work, 36(9), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0111-7
United States National Data Base. (2011). Child maltreatment: Strengthening national data on child fatalities could aid in prevention (GAO 11-599). Government Printing Office.
