Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Despite their intentioned focus on process, macrocognitive models run the risk of advancing a perspective on human behavior that can be called “composite/constraints”—that is, the various, long-prevailing views that people are nothing but composites of factors and variables who behave according to their particular makeup and/or their circumstances. The perspective neglects a key feature of the human experience, primarily because it is mostly invisible to both the researcher and their participants. This paper introduces this invisible feature and explores its integration with a core macrocognitive model, Klein’s Recognition-Primed Decision model. It also suggests implications of this analysis for the theoretical and methodological concerns of the NDM paradigm, applications of NDM models, and for an understanding of artificial general intelligence.

Keywords

naturalistic decision making recognition-primed decision model macrocognition self soliloquy

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Athens

(1994). The self as a soliloquy. The Sociological Quarterly, 35(3), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb01743.x

Athens

(2007). Radical interactionism: Going beyond Mead. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 37(2), 137–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2007.00329.x

Athens

(2015). Violentization: A relatively singular theory of violent crime. Deviant Behavior, 36(8), 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.951577

Athens

(2017). Domination and subjugation in everyday life. Routledge.

Athens

(2024a). The functioning of the self during the interlinkage of action: A radical interactionist perspective. Symbolic Interaction, 47(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.672

Athens

(2024b). The self from a radical interactionist's perspective: Its basic components, phylogenesis, and ontogenesis. Symbolic Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.720

Athens

L. H.

(1995). Dramatic self change. The Sociological Quarterly, 36(3), 571–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00454.x

Blumer

(1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Univ of California Press.

Chi

M. T.

(2013). Self-explaining expository texts: The dual processes of generating inferences and repairing mental models. In Advances in instructional psychology, volume 5 (pp. 161–238). Routledge.

10.

Crandall

Hoffman

Klein

(2006). Working minds: A practitioner’s guide to cognitive task analysis: MIT Press.

11.

Davis

(1940). Extreme social isolation of a child. American Journal of Sociology, 45(4), 554–565.

12.

Deutsch

(2011). The beginning of iinfinity: Explanations that transform the world.

13.

Feltovich

P. J.

Coulson

R. L.

Spiro

R. J.

Adami

J. F.

(1994). Conceptual understanding and stability, and knowledge shields for fending off conceptual change.

14.

Feltovich

P. J.

Hoffman

R. R.

Woods

Roesler

(2004). Keeping it too simple: How the reductive tendency affects cognitive engineering. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 19(3), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2004.14

15.

Fernyhough

(2016). The voices within: The history and science of how we talk to ourselves.

16.

Hoffman

R. R.

Crandall

Klein

Jones

D. G.

Endsley

M. R.

(2005). Protocols for cognitive task analysis. In Institute for human and machine cognition. Institute for Human and Machine Cognition.

17.

Hoffman

R. R.

Ward

Feltovich

P. J.

DiBello

Fiore

S. M.

Andrews

D. H.

(2013). Accelerated expertise: Training for high proficiency in a complex world. Psychology Press.

18.

Hoffman

R. R.

Yates

J. F.

(2005). Decision(?)Making(?). IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22–29.

19.

Hutton

R. J.

Warwick

Stanard

McDermott

P. L.

McIlwaine

(2001). Computational model of recognition-primed decisions (RPD): Improving realism in computer-generated forces (CGF). Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society - Annual Meeting, 45(26), 1833–1837. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120104502607

20.

Klein

(1993). A recognition-primed decision (RPD) model of rapid decision making. Decision making in action: Models and methods, 5(4), 138–147.

21.

Klein

(2011). Critical thoughts about critical thinking. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 12(3), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464536x.2011.564485

22.

Klein

(2021). The RPD model: Criticisms and confusions. Psychology Today.

23.

Klein

(2023). Success through failure: The PreMortem method. The Bank Notes Podcast. https://www.newyorkfed.org/podcast?utm_campaign=122023_gcr_podcast&utm_medium=organic&utm_source=bcclinfl&utm_content=gk

24.

Klein

Baxter

H. C.

(2006). Cognitive transformation theory: Contrasting cognitive and behavioral learning. In Interservice/industry training systems and education conference. Orlando, Florida.

25.

Klein

Calderwood

(1987). Recognition-Primed Decision Making. Army Research Institute (MDA903-85-C-0327; MDA903-86-C-0170).

26.

Klein

Calderwood

(1997). Recognition-primed decision making. Klein Associates.

27.

Klein

Calderwood

Macgregor

(1989). Critical decision method for eliciting knowledge. IEEE Transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics, 19(3), 462–472. https://doi.org/10.1109/21.31053

28.

Klein

Phillips

J. K.

Rall

E. L.

Peluso

D. A.

(2007). A data-frame theory of sensemaking. In Expertise out of context: Proceedings of the Sixth international Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making (113). Routledge.

29.

Klein

Ross

Moon

Klein

Hoffman

Hollnagel

(2003). Macrocognition. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 18(3), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2003.1200735

30.

Koedinger

K. R.

Carvalho

P. F.

Liu

McLaughlin

E. A.

(2023). An astonishing regularity in student learning rate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(13), Article e2221311120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2221311120

31.

Kompa

N. A.

(2023). Inner speech and ‘Pure’Thought–do we think in language? Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 15(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00678-w

32.

McNeese

N. J.

Demir

Cooke

N. J.

She

(2021). Team situation awareness and conflict: A study of human–machine teaming. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 15(2–3), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/15553434211017354

33.

Militello

L. G.

Hutton

R. J.

(1998). Applied cognitive task analysis (ACTA): A practitioner's toolkit for understanding cognitive task demands. Ergonomics, 41(11), 1618–1641. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401398186108

34.

Mitchell

K. J.

(2023). Free agents: How evolution gave us free will. Princeton University Press.

35.

Moon

(2004). Concept maps and wagon wheels: Merging methods to improve the understanding of team dynamics. In Canas

Novak

Gonzalez

(Eds.), Concept maps: Theory, methodology, technology, proceedings of the first international conference on concept mapping. Institute for Human and Machine Cognition.

36.

Moon

(2024). Getting more out of OJT through enlightened mentorship. Medium. https://medium.com/@brianmmoon/getting-more-out-of-ojt-through-enlightened-mentorship-fc8878072d6b

37.

Moon

Bildstein

(2019). A draft model to bridge a glaring NDM gap: Motivation. Proceedings of the international conference on naturalistic decision making 2019.

38.

Moon

Correia

Ballego

(2022). Innovations on concept mapping-based activities for learning assessment: The quest for ubiquity and large-scale solutions. In Design and measurement strategies for meaningful learning. IGI Global.

39.

Moon

Hayden

Menges

Leavens

(2023). Cognitive task analysis of middle school math teaching. https://perigeantechnologies.com/cta-math-report

40.

Moon

Johnston

Moon

(2018). A case for the superiority of concept mapping-based assessments for assessing mental models. In Proc. Of the eighth int. Conference on concept mapping. Institute for Human and Machine Cognition.

41.

Naturalistic Decision Making Association . (2023). CTA in E/affect stage one report. https://naturalisticdecisionmaking.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/NDM_CTA_Report_DRAFTv9.pdf

42.

Patterson

M. D.

Militello

L. G.

Bunger

Taylor

R. G.

Wheeler

D. S.

Klein

Geis

G. L.

(2016). Leveraging the critical decision method to develop simulation-based training for early recognition of sepsis. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 10(1), 36–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343416629520

43.

Perrone-Bertolotti

Kujala

Vidal

J. R.

Hamame

C. M.

Ossandon

Bertrand

Minotti

Kahane

Jerbi

Lachaux

J. P.

(2012). How silent is silent reading? Intracerebral evidence for top-down activation of temporal voice areas during reading. Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 32(49), 17554–17562. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2982-12.2012

44.

Popper

(1962). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. Routledge.

45.

Popper

(1999). All life is problem solving. Routledge.

46.

Potworowski

Green

L. A.

(2016). Training change agents in CTA to bring health care transformation to scale: The case of primary care practice facilitators. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 10(4), 328–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343416657237

47.

Shridhar

Sinha

Cohen

Wang

Pasunuru

Celikyilmaz

(2023). The ART of LLM refinement: Ask, refine, and trust. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.07961.

48.

Tan

(2019). The uncertainty mindset: Innovation insights from the frontiers of food. Columbia University Press.

49.

Weiss

D. J.

Shanteau

(2021). The futility of decision making research. Studies in history and philosophy of science, 90(Dec), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.018

50.

Wiltshire

T. J.

Lobato

E. J.

McConnell

D. S.

Fiore

S. M.

(2015). Prospects for direct social perception: A multi-theoretical integration to further the science of social cognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(Jan), 1007. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.01007

51.

Zachary

Hoffman

Crandall

Miller

Nemeth

(2012). “Rapidized” cognitive task analysis. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 27(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2012.29

Introducing an Invisible Feature of Human Experience Into Naturalistic Decision Making Explanations

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References