Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

In the decade since the clinical arrival of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there have been gratifying improvements in imaging technology and instrumentation, and innovative techniques have evolved. Laboratory-simulator devices are available for basic skills exercises and can at least reasonably mimic the appearance of the gallbladder and some other organs or anatomic regions. Unfortunately, there is no satisfactory method to practice dealing with certain structural abnormalities or disease processes. Because of that, some operations will be particularly difficult and the outcomes will be favorable only with careful planning and capable execution. The experiences and skill level of the surgeon can be enhanced by appropriate mental preparation. As a result, the surgeon will have the opportunity to accomplish the task, both laparoscopically and safely, under circumstances that initially were thought to be inappropriate or impossible for laparoscopy. Copyright© 1998 by W. B. Saunders Company

Keywords

Laparoscopy cholecystectomy adhesions obesity liver disease complications conversions.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Paolucci V. , Schaeff B. , Gutt CN , et al: Exposure of the operative field in laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 11 :856-863, 1997

Swanstrom LI : Beyond access: Advanced exposure techniques and organ manipulation in endosurgery. Surg Endosc 9:1165-1168, 1995

Weibel MA , Majnmo G. : Peritoneal adhesions and their relation to abdominal surgery. AmJ Surg 126:345-353, 1973

Monk BJ , Berman ML , Montz FJ : Adhesions after extensive gynecologic surgery: Clinical significance, etiology and prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1396-1403, 1994

Christen D. , Buchmann P. : Peritoneal adhesions after laparotomy: Prophylactic measures. Hepatogastroenterology 38: 283-286, 1991

Ellis H. : The cause and prevention of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions . Surg Gynecol Obstet 133:497-511, 1971

Ellis H. : The causes and prevention of intestinal adhesions. BrJ Surg 69:241-243, 1982

Ray NF , Larsen Jr JW , Stillman RJ , et al: Economic impact of hospitalizations for lower abdominal adhesiolysis in the United States in 1988. Surg Gynecol Obstet 176:271-276, 1993

Halpern NB : The difficult laparoscopy. Surg Clin North Am 66:309-311, 1996

10.

Caprini JA , Arcelus JA , Swanson J. , et al: The ultrasonic localization of abdominal wall adhesions. Surg Endosc 9 :283-285, 1985

11.

Uberoi R. , D'Costa H. , Brown C. , et al: Visceral slide for intraperitoneal adhesions: A prospective study in 48 patients with surgical correlations. J Clin Ultrasound 23:363-366, 1995

12.

Schirmer BD , Dix J. , Schmieg Jr RE , et al: The impact of previous abdominal surgery on outcome following laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Surg Endosc 9:1085-1089, 1995

13.

Wiebke EA , Pruitt AL , Howard TJ , et al: Conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 10:742-745, 1996

14.

Wongworawat MD , Aitken DR , Robles AE , et al: The impact of prior intra-abdominal surgery on laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg 60:763-766,1994

15.

Jorgensen JO , Hunt DR : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A prospective analysis of the potential causes of failure. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3:49-53, 1993

16.

Frazee RC , Roberts JW , Symmonds R. , et al: What are the contraindications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy ? Am J Surg 164:491-495, 1992

17.

Fried GM , Barkum JS , Sigman HH , et al: Factors determining conversion to laparotomy in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 167:35, 1994

18.

Yu SC , Chen SC , Wang SM , et al: Is previous abdominal surgery a contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy? J Laparoendosc Surg 4:31-35, 1994

19.

Fry DE , Osler T. : Abdominal wall considerations and complications in re-operative surgery . Surg Clin North Am 71:1-11, 1991

20.

Lanzafame RJ : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy . Surgery 118:627-631, 1995

21.

Posta CG : Surgical decisions in the laparoscopic management of small bowel obstruction: Report on two cases. J Laparosendosc Surg 6:117-122, 1996

22.

PerissatJ. , Collet D. , Belliard R. , et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the state of the art. A report on 700 consecutive cases. WorldJ Surg 16:1074-1082, 1992

23.

Ballem RV , Rudomanski J. : Techniques of pneumoperitoneum. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3:42-43, 1993

24.

Horattas MC , Rosser Jr JC : A new and simple approach to open laparoscopy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 176:287-289, 1993

25.

Nuzzo G. , Gluliante F. , Tebala GD , et al: Routine use of open technique in laparoscopic operations. J Am Coll Surg 184 :58-62, 1997

26.

Wallace DH , O'Dwyer PJ : Clinical experience with open laparoscopy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 7:285-288, 1997

27.

Patel M. , Smart D. : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and previous abdominal surgery: A safe technique . Aust N Z J Surg 66:309-311, 1996

28.

Wherry DC , Marohn MR , Malanoscki MP , et al: An external audit of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the steady state performed in medical treatment facilities of the Department of Defense . Ann Surg 224:145-154, 1996

29.

Penfield AJ : How to prevent complications of open laparoscopy . J Reprod Nled 30:660-663, 1995

30.

Chapron CM , Pierre F. , Lacroix S. , et al: Major vascular injuries during gynecologic laparoscopy. J Am Coll Surg 185:461-465, 1997

31.

Deziel DJ , Millikan KW , Economou SG , et al: Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Results of a national survey of 4,292 hospitals and analysis of 77,604 cases. Am J Surg 165:9-14, 1993

32.

Saville LE , Woods MS : Laparoscopy and major retroperitoneal vascular injuries. Surg Endosc 9:1096-1100, 1995

33.

Sigmar LE , Fried GM , Gazzon J. , et al: Risks of blind versus open approach to ceGotomy for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3:296-299, 1993

34.

Byron JW , Fujiyoshi CA , Miyazawa K Evaluation of the direct trocar insertion technique at laparoscopy . Obstet Gynecol 74:423-425, 1989

35.

Byron JW , Markenson G. , Miyazawa K. : A randomized comparison of Verres needle and direct trocar insertion for laparoscopy . Surg Gynecol Obstet 177:259-262, 1993

36.

Kaali SG , Bartfai G. : Direct insertion of the laparoscopic trocar after an earlier laparotomy . J Reprod Med 33:739-740, 1988

37.

Mlyncek M. , Truska A. , Garay J. : Laparoscopy without use of Veress needle: Results in a series of 1600 procedures . Mayo Clin Proc 69:1146-1148, 1994

38.

Saidi MH : Direct laparoscopy without prior pneumoperitoneum. J Reprod Med 31 :584-686, 1986

39.

Neely MR , McWilliams R. , Makhlouf HA : Laparoscopy: routine pneumoperitoneum via the posterior fornix. Obstet Gynecol 45:459-460, 1975

40.

Awadalla SG : Transuterine insertion of Veress needle in laparoscopy. Obstet Gynecol 76:314-315, 1990

41.

Mueller MD , Tschudi J. , Herrmann U. , et al: An evaluation of laparoscopic adhesiolysis in patients with chronic abdominal pain. Surg Endosc 9:802-804, 1995

42.

Reissman P. , Wexner SD : Laparoscopic surgery for intestinal obstruction . Surg Endosc 9:865-868, 1995

43.

Thiet MD , Mittelstaedt CA , Herbst Jr CA , et al: Cholelithiasis in morbid obesity. South Med J 77:415-517, 1984

44.

Amaral JF , Thompson WR : Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese. Am J Surg 149:551-556, 1985

45.

Maclure KM , Hayes KC , Colditz GA , et al: Weight, diet and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 321:563-569, 1989

46.

Pasulka PS , Bistrian BR , Benotti PN , et al: The risks of surgery in obese patients. Ann Intern Med 104:540-546, 1986

47.

Choban PS , Flancbaum L. : The impact of obesity on surgical outcomes: A review. J Am Coll Surg 185:593-603, 1997

48.

Chi IC , Mumford SD , Laufe LE : Technical failures in tubal ring sterilization: Incidence, perceived reasons, outcome, and risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138:307-312, 1980

49.

Rossi RL , Schirmer WJ , Braasch JW , et al: Laparoscopic bile duct injuries. Arch Surg 127:596-602, 1992

50.

Liu CL , Fan ST , Lai EC , et al: Factors affecting conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery. Arch Surg 131:98-101, 1996

51.

Angrisani L. , Lorenzo M. , De Palma G. , et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in obese patients compared with nonobese patients. Surg Laparosc Endosc 4:197-201, 1995

52.

Alponat A. , Kum CK , Kon BC , et al: Predictive factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy . World J Surg 21 :629-633, 1997

53.

Miles RH , Carballo RE , Prinz RA , et al: Laparoscopy: The preferred method of cholecystectomy in the morbidly obese. Surgery 112:818-823, 1992

54.

Phillips EG , Carroll BJ , Fallas MJ , et al: Comparison of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in obese and non-obese patients. Am Surg 60:316-321, 1994

55.

Collet D. , Edye M. , Magne E. , et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the obese patient. Surg Endosc 6:186-188, 1992

56.

Schirmer BD , Dix J. , Edge SB , et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the obese patient. Am Surg 216:146-152, 1992

57.

Unger SW , Scott JS , Unger HM , et al: Laparoscopic approach to gallstones in the morbidly obese patient . Surg Endosc 5:116-117, 1991

58.

Wilson YG , Allen PE , Skidmore R. , et al: Influence of compression stockings on lower-limb venous haemodynamics during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 81:841-844, 1994

59.

Millard JA , Hill BB , Cook PS , et al: Intermittent sequential pneumatic compression in prevention of venous stasis associated with pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy . 128:914-919, 1993

60.

Poindexter AN , Ritter M. , Fahim A. , et al: Trocar introduction performed during laparoscopy of the obese patient. Surg Gynecol Obstet 165:57-59, 1987

61.

Loffer FD , Pent D. : Laparoscopy in the obese patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:104-107, 1976

62.

Vakili C. , Knight R. : A technique for needle insufllation in obese patients. Surg Laparos Endosc 3:489-491, 1993

63.

Gutt CN , Daume J. , Schaeff B. , et al: Systems and instruments for laparoscopic surgery without pneumoperitoneum . Surg Endosc 11:868-874, 1997

64.

Banting S. , Shimi S. , Vandar Velpen G. , et al: Abdominal wall lift. Low pressure pneumoperitoneum laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 7:57-59, 1993

65.

Lindgren L. , Koivusalo AM , Kellokumpu I. : Conventional pneumoperitoneum compared with abdominal wall lift for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 75:567-572, 1995

66.

Goldberg JM , Maurer WG : A randomized comparison of gasless laparoscopy and CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Obstet Gynecol 90:416-429, 1997

67.

Meijer DW , Rademaker BP , Schlooz S. , et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy using abdomen wall retraction. Hemodynamics and gas exchange, a comparison with conventional pneumoperitoneum . Surg Endosc 11:645-649, 1997

68.

Bradpiece H. , Andrews SM , Rennie JA : A novel means of securing a laparoscopic port in the obese patient. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 75:252-253, 1993

69.

Hashmonai M. , Kopelman D. : Sling retraction of the falciform ligament to ameliorate exposure in laparoscopic upper abdominal surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc 6:71-72, 1996

70.

Brolin RE , Bradley LJ , Rajiv RD , et al: Unsuspected cirrhosis discovered during elective obesity operations . Arch Surg 133: 84-88, 1998

71.

Belachew M. , Legrand M. , Vincent V. , et al: L'approche coelioscopique dans le traitement de la chirurgie de l'obesite morbide. Technique es resultats. Ann Chir S 1:165-172, 1997

72.

Deitel M. : Laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc 11:965-966, 1997

73.

Schlumpf R. , Lang T. , Schob O. , et al: Treatment of the morbidly obese patient with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Dig Surg 14:438-443, 1997

74.

Bouchier JA : Post mortem study of the frequency of gallstones in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Gut 10:705-710, 1969

75.

Conte D. , Barisani D. , Mandelli C. , et al: Cholelithiasis in cirrhosis: analysis of 500 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 86:1629-1632, 1991

76.

Acalovschi M. , Badea R. , Dumitrascu D. , et al: Prevalence of gallstones in liver cirrhosis: a sonographic survey. Am J Gastroenterol 83:954-956, 1988

77.

Dunnington G. , Sampliner R. , Alfrey E. , et al: Natural history of cholelithiasis in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (cholelithiasis in cirrhotic patients) . Ann Surg 205:226-229, 1987

78.

Orozco H. , Takahashi T. , Mercado MA , et al: Long-term evolution of asymptomatic cholelithiasis diagnosed during abdominal operations for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis . Am J Surg 168:232-234, 1994

79.

Aranha GV , Sontag SJ , Greenlee HB : Cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients: A formidable operation. Am J Surg 143:55-60, 1982.

80.

Bloch RS , Allaben RD , Walt AJ : Cholecystectomy in patients with cirrhosis. Arch Surg 120:669-672, 1985

81.

Mansour A. , Watson W. , Shayani V. , et al: Abdominal operations in patients with cirrhosis: Still a major surgical challenge. Surgery 122:730-736, 1997

82.

Schwartz SI : Biliary tract surgery in cirrhosis: A critical combination. Surgery 90:577-583, 1981

83.

Garrison RN , Cryer HM , Howard DA , et al: Clarification of risk factors for abdominal operations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis . Ann Surg 199:648-655, 1984

84.

Inabnet WB , Deziel DJ : Laparoscopic liver biopsy in patients with coagulopathy, portal hypertension, and ascites. Am Surg 61:603-606, 1995

85.

Sirinek KR , Burk RR , Brown M. , et al: Improving survival in patients with cirrhosis undergoing major abdominal operations. Arch Surg 122:271-273, 1987

86.

Kogut K. , Aragoni T. , Ackerman NB : Cholecystectomy in patients with mild cirhosis. Arch Surg 120:1310-1311, 1985

87.

Angrisani L. , Lorenzo M. , Corcione F. , et al: Gallstones in cirrhotics revisited by a laparoscopic view. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 7:213-220, 1997

88.

Yerdel MA , Koksoy C. , Aras N. , et al: Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients . Surg Laparosc Endosc 7:484-486, 1997

89.

Lacy AM , Balaguer C. , Andrade E. , et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients. Surg Endosc 9:407-408, 1995

90.

D'Albuquerque Lac , de Miranda MP , Genzini T. , et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients. Surg Laparosc Endosc 5:272-276, 1995

91.

Banting S. , Shimi S. , Vandar Velpen G. , et al: Abdominal wall lift. Low pressure pneumoperitoneum laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 7:57-59, 1993

92.

Hasuike Y. , Tomita N. , Sakon M. , et al: A new technique for exposing Calot's triangle during laparoscopic surgery: Usefulness of extracorporeal lifting of the round ligament and gallbladder . Surg Laparosc Endosc 6:307-309, 1996

93.

Walters W. , Snell AM : Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 1940

Access Problems in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Postoperative Adhesions,Obesity,and Liver Disorders

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References