Laparoscopic nephrectomy was originally described using a transperitoneal approach. However, detractors have argued that the transperitoneal approach provides a less direct approach to retroperitoneal structures, risks injury to intraperitoneal viscera, and results in a longer postoperative ileus. With the development of a variety of dissecting balloons, retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy has been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious; in particular, small, benign kidneys may be best suited to the retroperitoneal approach. A variety of centers have reported excellent results using this approach.
Wickham Jea: The surgical treatment of renal -lithiasis, in Wickham JEA (ed): Urinary Calculus Disease. New York, Churchill Living Stone, 1979, pp 145-198
Hald T., Rasmussen F.: Extraperitoneal pelvioscopy: A new aid in staging of lower urinary tract tumors. A preliminary report. J Urol124:245-247, 1980
6.
Clayman RV, Kavoussi LR, Soper NJ, et al: Laparoscopic nephrectomy: Initial case report. J Urol146:278-282, 1991
7.
Kerbl K., Figenshau RS, Clayman RV, et al: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy: Laboratory and clinical experience. J Endourol7 :23-26, 1993
8.
Gaur DD: Laparoscopic operative retroperitoneoscopy: Use of a new device. J Urol148:1137-1139, 1992
9.
McDougall EM , Clayman RV, Fadden PT: Retroperitoneoscopy : The Washington University Medical School Experience. Uro143:446-452, 1994
10.
Gaur DD, Aganval DK, Purohit KC, et al: Laparoscopic condom dissection: New technique of retroperitoneoscopy . J Endourol8:149-151, 1994
11.
Rasswciler JJ , Secmann O., Henkel TO, et al: Nephrectomy-retroperitoneal access , in Fahlenkamp D, Loening SA, Winfield HN (eds): Advances in Laparoscopic Urology. Berlin , Germany, Blackwell Science, Ltd, 1995, pp 86-96
12.
Capelouto CC , Moore RG, Silverman SG, et al: Retroperitoneoscopy: Anatomical rationale for direct retroperitoneal access. J Urol152:2008-2010, 1994
13.
Eden CG: Operative retroperitoneoscopy. Br J Urol76 :125-130, 1995
14.
Nakada SY, Clayman RV: Renal surgery, in Smith AD, Badlani GH, Bagley DH , et al (eds): Smith's Textbook of Endourology. St. Louis, Quality Medical Publishing, 1996, pp 904-954
15.
Kerbl K., Figenshau RS, Clayman RV, et al: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy: Laboratory and clinical experience. J Endourol7:23-26, 1993
16.
Doublet JD, Barreto HS, Gattegno B., et al: Retroperitoneal nephrectomy: Comparison of laparoscopy and open surgery. J Endourol9:S60, 1995 (abstr)
17.
Chiu AW, Chou C., Wang B., et al: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of non-functioning kidney. J Endourol8:S79, 1994 (abstr)
18.
Yamada S., Ono Y., Katoh N., et al: Efficacy of a retroperitoneal approach in a laparoscopic nephrectomy for benign renal disease. J Endourol9:S60, 1995 (abstr)
19.
Guillonneau B., Veillon B., Vallancien G.: Experience of nephrectomy by lumboscopy. J Endourol9:S99, 1995 (abstr)
20.
Mandressi A. , Buizza C., Antonelli D., et al: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal nephrectomy and adrenalectomy: Clinical analysis of 23 cases . J Endourol9:S100, 1995 (abstr)
21.
Clayman RV, McDougall EM, Kerbl K., et al: Laparoscopic nephrectomy: Transperitoneal vs retroperitoneal . J Urol151: 342A, 1994 (abstr)
22.
Ono Y., Ohshima S., Hirabayashi S., et al: Laparoscopic nephrectomy using a retroperitoneal approach: Comparison with a transabdominal approach. Int J Urol2:12-16, 1995
23.
Figenshau RS , Clayman RV, Kerbl K., et al: Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy in the child: initial case report . J Urol151:740-741, 1994
24.
Koyle MA, Woo HH, Kavoussi LR: Laparoscopic nephrectomy in the first year of life. J Ped Surg28:693-695, 1993
25.
Ehrlich RM, Gershman A., Fuchs G.: Laparoscopic renal surgery in children. J Urol151:735-739, 1994
Mullet CE, Viale JP, Sagnard PE, et al: Pulmonary CO2 elimination during surgical procedures using intra- or extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation. Anesth Analg76:622-626, 1993
28.
Wolf JS Jr, Monk TG, McDougall EM, et al: The extraperitoneal approach and subcutaneous emphysema are associated with greater absorption of carbon dioxide during laparoscopic renal surgery. J Urol154:959-963, 1995
29.
Mandressi A. , Buizza C., Antonelli D., et al: Retroperitoneoscopy . Annales d Urologie29:91-96, 1995
30.
Lenz RJ, Thomas TA, Wilkins DG: Cardiovascular changes during laparoscopy. Anaesthesia31 :4-12, 1976
31.
Westerband A., Van De Water JM, Amzallag M., et al: Cardiovascular changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet175:535-538, 1992
32.
JorisJL, Noirot DP, Legrand MJ, et al: Hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg76:1067-1071, 1993
33.
Eden CG: Alternative endoscopic access techniques to the retroperitoneum. End Surg2:27-28, 1995
34.
Chang DT, Kirsch AJ, Sawczuk IS: Oliguria during laparoscopic surgery. J Endourol8:349-352, 1994
35.
Kerbl K., Clayman RV, McDougall EM, et al: Laparoscopic nephrectomy: The Washington University experience . Br J Urol73:231-236, 1994
36.
McDougall EM , Monk TG, Hicks M., et al: Effect of pneumoperitoneum on renal function in an animal model. J Urol151:462A, 1994 (abstr)
37.
ChiuAW, Chang LS, Birkett DH, et al: Effects of pneumoperitoneum and pneumoretroperitoneum on systemic and renal hemodjmamics. J Endourol8:S54, 1994(abstr)
38.
Gaur DD: Retroperitoneal surgery of the kidney, ureter and adrenal gland. End Surg3:3-5, 1995
39.
Saint F., Gasman D., Antiphon P., et al: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy and nephrectomy for benign disease: A safe and efficace [sic] treatment. J Endourol9:S101, 1995 (abstr)
40.
Lorge F., de Canniere L., Chatzopoulos C., et al: Renal and adrenal laparoscopic surgery: Transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach. J Endourol9:S100, 1995 (abstr)
