With the growing global demand for affordable and sustainable energy, waste-to-energy technologies have emerged as a vital solution. In India, waste-to-energy offers dual benefits—producing renewable electricity from municipal solid waste (MSW) while simultaneously mitigating landfill dependency and improving waste management efficiency. This review addresses the escalating challenge of MSW management driven by rapid urbanization and industrialization. It emphasizes biological treatment approaches, particularly microbial processes that transform organic waste into value-added, eco-friendly products such as biogas and compost, thereby integrating energy recovery with environmental sustainability. These methods align with circular economy principles, aiming to minimize waste, recycle resources, and generate renewable energy. The review explores key biological treatments—biodegradation, composting, and anaerobic digestion—emphasizing the operational factors that impact their efficiency. It also examines the challenges associated with waste-to-energy conversion, including financial, policy, and environmental barriers, while highlighting the advantages of pollution reduction and energy production. However, the improper handling or inefficient operation of these processes can lead to fugitive emissions and the release of contaminants, posing potential risks to air quality and ecosystem health. By adopting eco-friendly waste management strategies, societies can leverage natural processes to mitigate waste-related impacts and foster sustainable resource utilization within the circular economy framework.
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