Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that affects all aspects of one’s life with several cognitive and social dysfunctions. However, there is still no objective and universal index for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Many researchers have studied language processing in schizophrenia since most of the patients show symptoms related to language processing, such as thought disorder, auditory verbal hallucinations, or delusions. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) with millisecond order high temporal resolution, have been applied to reveal the abnormalities in language processing in schizophrenia. The aims of this review are (a) to provide an overview of recent findings in language processing in schizophrenia with EEG and MEG using neurophysiological indices, providing insights into underlying language related pathophysiological deficits in this disease and (b) to emphasize the advantage of EEG and MEG in research on language processing in schizophrenia.
KinneyDKTeixeiraPHsuD, et al. Relation of schizophrenia prevalence to latitude, climate, fish consumption, infant mortality, and skin color: a role for prenatal vitamin D deficiency and infections?Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:582-595. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp023
2.
KahnRSSommerIEMurrayRM, et al. Schizophrenia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15067. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.67.
3.
JavittDCSweetRA. Auditory dysfunction in schizophrenia: integrating clinical and basic features. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16:535-550. doi:10.1038/nrn4002
4.
LemaYYGamoNJYangKIshizukaK. Trait and state biomarkers for psychiatric disorders: Importance of infrastructure to bridge the gap between basic and clinical research and industry. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;72(7):482-489. doi:10.1111/pcn.12669.
5.
AzumagakitoTSuzukiRAritaT. An integrated model of gene-culture coevolution of language mediated by phenotypic plasticity. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):8025. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26233-7.
6.
HirschbergJManningCD. Advances in natural language processing. Science. 2015;349(6245):261-266. doi:10.1126/science.aaa8685.
7.
YahataNKasaiKKawatoM. Computational neuroscience approach to biomarkers and treatments for mental disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;71(4):215-237. doi:10.1111/pcn.12502.
8.
ArmeniKWillemsRMFrankSL. Probabilistic language models in cognitive neuroscience: Promises and pitfalls. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;83:579-588. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.001.
9.
MillettD. Hans Berger: From Psychic Energy to the EEG. Vol 44. 2001:522-542.
10.
CohenD. Magnetoencephalography: detection of the brain’s electrical activity with a superconducting magnetometer. Science. 1972;175:664-666. doi:10.1126/science.175.4022.664
11.
PuceAHämäläinenM. A review of issues related to data acquisition and analysis in EEG/MEG studies. Brain Sci. 2017;7:E58. doi:10.3390/brainsci7060058
12.
EulitzCEulitzHElbertT. Differential outcomes from magneto- and electroencephalography for the analysis of human cognition. Neurosci Lett. 1997;227:185-188.
13.
TozziAZareMBenasichAA. New perspectives on spontaneous brain activity: dynamic networks and energy matter. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:21-28. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00247.
14.
MarjerrisonGKrauseAEKeoghRP. Variability of the EEG in schizophrenia: quantitative analysis with a modulus voltage integrator. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1968;24(1):35-41. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(68)90064-3.
15.
StevensJRBigelowLDenneyD, et al. Telemetered EEG-EOG during psychotic behaviors of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:251-262.
16.
WhittonJLMoldofskyHLueF. EEG frequency patterns associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia and “creativity” in normals. Biol Psychiatry. 1978;13:123-133.
17.
SritharanALinePSergejewASilbersteinREganGCopolovD. EEG coherence measures during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;136(2-3):189-200. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.05.010.
18.
IshiiRShinosakiKIkejiriY, et al.Theta rhythm increases in left superior temporal cortex during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a case report. Neuroreport. 2000;11:3283-3287.
19.
RopohlASperlingWElstnerS, et al. Cortical activity associated with auditory hallucinations. Neuroreport. 2004;15:523-526. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000113068.17279.0d
20.
ReulbachUBleichSMaihöfnerCKornhuberJSperlingW. Specific and unspecific auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology. 2007;55:89-95. doi:10.1159/000103907
21.
FehrTKisslerJMorattiSWienbruchCRockstrohBElbertT. Source distribution of neuromagnetic slow waves and MEG-delta activity in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:108-116. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01122-2
22.
SperlingWMartusPKoberHBleichSKornhuberJ. Spontaneous, slow and fast magnetoencephalographic activity in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;58:189-199.
23.
van LutterveldRHillebrandADiederenKMJ, et al. Oscillatory cortical network involved in auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. In: HashimotoR, ed. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e41149–7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041149.
24.
KühnSGallinatJ. Quantitative meta-analysis on state and trait aspects of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:779-786. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq152
25.
Ćurčić-BlakeBFordJMHublD, et al. Interaction of language, auditory and memory brain networks in auditory verbal hallucinations. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;148:1-20. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.002.
26.
DuncanCCBarryRJConnollyJF, et al. Event-related potentials in clinical research: guidelines for eliciting, recording, and quantifying mismatch negativity, P300, and N400. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;120(11):1883-1908. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.07.045.
27.
JavittDCFreedmanR. Sensory processing dysfunction in the personal experience and neuronal machinery of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(1):17-31. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691.
28.
HiranoYHiranoSMaekawaT, et al. Auditory gating deficit to human voices in schizophrenia: a MEG study. Schizophr Res. 2010;117:61-67. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.003
29.
SmithDMGrantBFisherDJBorracciGLabelleAKnottVJ. Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia correlate with P50 gating. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(7):1329-1335. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.004.
30.
ThomaRJMeierAHouckJ, et al. Diminished auditory sensory gating during active auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr Res. 2017;188:125-131. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.023.
31.
NäätänenRPictonT. The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology. 1987;24:375-425. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00311.x
32.
TiihonenJHariRNaukkarinenHRimónRJousmäkiVKajolaM. Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;149(2):255-257. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.2.255.
33.
HublDKoenigTStrikWKGarciaLMDierksT. Competition for neuronal resources: how hallucinations make themselves heard. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:57-62. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022954.
34.
FordJMRoachBJFaustmanWOMathalonDH. Synch before you speak: auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164(3):458-466. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.458.
35.
FordJMRoachBJMathalonDH. Assessing corollary discharge in humans using noninvasive neurophysiological methods. Nat Protoc. 2010;5(6):1160-1168. doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.67.
36.
MathalonDHRoachBJFerriJM, et al. Deficient auditory predictive coding during vocalization in the psychosis risk syndrome and in early illness schizophrenia: the final expanded sample. Psychol Med. 2018;5:1-8. doi:10.1017/S0033291718002659.
37.
CrapseTBSommerMA. Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9:587-600. doi:10.1038/nrn2457
38.
KutasMFedermeierK. Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2000;4(12):463-470.
39.
KutasMFedermeierKD. Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annu Rev Psychol. 2011;62(1):621-647. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.131123.
40.
WangHZhangGLiuB. Influence of auditory spatial attention on cross-modal semantic priming effect: evidence from N400 effect. Exp Brain Res. 2016;235:331-339. doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4792-4
41.
FedermeierKDKirsonDAMorenoEMKutasM. Effects of transient, mild mood states on semantic memory organization and use: an event-related potential investigation in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2001;305(3):149-152.
42.
PinheiroAPDel ReENestorPGMcCarleyRWGonçalvesÓFNiznikiewiczM. Interactions between mood and the structure of semantic memory: event-related potentials evidence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013;8:579-594. doi:10.1093/scan/nss035
43.
BentinSMcCarthyGWoodCC. Event-related potentials, lexical decision and semantic priming. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1985;60(4):343-355. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(85)90008-2.
44.
StrandburgRJMarshJTBrownWS, et al. Event-related potential correlates of linguistic information processing in schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:596-608. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00410-6
45.
NiznikiewiczMMittalMSNestorPGMcCarleyRW. Abnormal inhibitory processes in semantic networks in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010;75:133-140. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.10.006
46.
KostovaMPasserieuxCLaurentJPHardy-BayléMC. N400 anomalies in schizophrenia are correlated with the severity of formal thought disorder. Schizophr Res. 2005;78:285-291. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.015
47.
SalisburyDF. Semantic activation and verbal working memory maintenance in schizophrenic thought disorder: insights from electrophysiology and lexical ambiguity. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2008;39:103-107. doi:10.1177/155005940803900217
48.
WangKCheungEFCGongQ-YChanRCK. Semantic processing disturbance in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the N400 component. In: ZhangXY, ed. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(10):e25435-e25438. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025435.
49.
MathalonDHFaustmanWOFordJM. N400 and automatic semantic processing abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:641-648.
50.
MathalonDHRoachBJFordJM. Automatic semantic priming abnormalities in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010;75:157-166. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.003
51.
SalisburyDFShentonMENestorPGMcCarleyRW. Semantic bias, homograph comprehension, and event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113:383-395.
52.
SalisburyDFO’DonnellBFMcCarleyRWNestorPGShentonME. Event-related potentials elicited during a context-free homograph task in normal versus schizophrenic subjects. Psychophysiology. 2000;37:456-463.
53.
SitnikovaTSalisburyDFKuperbergGHolcombPI. Electrophysiological insights into language processing in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology. 2002;39:851-860.
54.
SalisburyD. N400 to lexical ambiguity and semantic incongruity in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010;75:127-132. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.10.002
55.
PinheiroAPDel ReENestorPG, et al. Abnormal interactions between context, memory structure, and mood in schizophrenia: an ERP investigation. Psychophysiology. 2015;52:20-31. doi:10.1111/psyp.12289
56.
PinheiroAPDel ReENestorPGMcCarleyRWGonçalvesÓFNiznikiewiczM. Interactions between mood and the structure of semantic memory: event-related potentials evidence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013;8:579-594. doi:10.1093/scan/nss035
57.
MatsumotoKYamazakiHNakamuraM, et al. Reduced word-repetition effect in the event-related potentials of thought-disordered patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;134:225-231. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.03.013
58.
KreherDAHolcombPJGoffDKuperbergGR. Neural evidence for faster and further automatic spreading activation in schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34:473-482. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm108
59.
KostovaMPasserieuxCLaurentJPHardy-BayléMC. N400 anomalies in schizophrenia are correlated with the severity of formal thought disorder. Schizophr Res. 2005;78:285-291. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.015
60.
KiangMKutasMLightGABraffDL. An event-related brain potential study of direct and indirect semantic priming in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:74-81. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07050763
61.
DebruilleJBKumarNSahebD, et al. Delusions and processing of discrepant information: an event-related brain potential study. Schizophr Res. 2007;89(1-3):261-277. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.07.014.
62.
ShinKSKangDHChoiJSKimYYKwonJS. Neuropsychological correlates of N400 anomalies in patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Neurosci Lett. 2008;448:226-230. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.053
63.
JacksonFFotiDKotovRPerlmanGMathalonDHProudfitGH. An incongruent reality: the N400 in relation to psychosis and recovery. Schizophr Res. 2014;160(1-3):208-215. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.039.
64.
BoydJEPatriciuIMcKinnonMCKiangM. Test-retest reliability of N400 event-related brain potential measures in a word-pair semantic priming paradigm in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014;158(1-3):195-203. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.018.
65.
KoyamaSHokamaHMiyataniMOguraCNageishiYShimokochiM. ERPs in schizophrenic patients during word recognition task and reaction times. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994;92:546-554.
66.
GrillonCAmeliRGlazerWM. N400 and semantic categorization in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;29:467-480.
67.
RuchsowMTrippelNGroenGSpitzerMKieferM. Semantic and syntactic processes during sentence comprehension in patients with schizophrenia: evidence from event-related potentials. Schizophr Res. 2003;64:147-156. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00482-6
68.
KiangMKutasMLightGABraffDL. Electrophysiological insights into conceptual disorganization in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2007;92:225-236. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.001
69.
KuperbergGRKreherDASwainAGoffDCHoltDJ. Selective emotional processing deficits to social vignettes in schizophrenia: an ERP study. Schizophr Bull. 2009;37:148-163. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp018
70.
GuerraSIbáñezAMartínM, et al. N400 deficits from semantic matching of pictures in probands and first-degree relatives from multiplex schizophrenia families. Brain Cogn. 2009;70:221-230. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.02.004
71.
KimbleMLyonsMO’DonnellBNestorPNiznikiewiczMToomeyR. The effect of family status and schizotypy on electrophysiologic measures of attention and semantic processing. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:402-412.
72.
AdamsJFauxSFNestorPG, et al. ERP abnormalities during semantic processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1993;10(3):247-257. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(93)90059-r.
73.
OlichneyJMIraguiVJKutasMNowackiRJesteDV. N400 abnormalities in late life schizophrenia and related psychoses. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:13-23. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00242-9
74.
NestorPGKimbleMOO’DonnellBF, et al. Aberrant semantic activation in schizophrenia: a neurophysiological study. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:640-646. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.5.640
75.
NiznikiewiczMAVoglmaierMShentonME, et al. Electrophysiological correlates of language processing in schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1052-1058. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.7.1052
76.
MatsumotoKMatsuokaHYamazakiH, et al. Impairment of an event-related potential correlate of memory in schizophrenia: effects of immediate and delayed word repetition. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;112:662-673.
77.
KiangMChristensenBKKutasMZipurskyRB. Electrophysiological evidence for primary semantic memory functional organization deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2012;196:171-180. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.026
78.
OhtaKUchiyamaMMatsushimaEToruM. An event-related potential study in schizophrenia using Japanese sentences. Schizophr Res. 1999;40:159-170.
79.
KreherDAGoffDKuperbergGR. Why all the confusion? Experimental task explains discrepant semantic priming effects in schizophrenia under “automatic” conditions: evidence from Event-Related Potentials. Schizophr Res. 2009;111:174-181. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.013
80.
Van PettenCKutasM. Interactions between sentence context and word frequency in event-related brain potentials. Mem Cognit. 1990;18(4):380-393.
81.
KuperbergGRWeberKDelaney-BuschN, et al. Multimodal neuroimaging evidence for looser lexico-semantic networks in schizophrenia: evidence from masked indirect semantic priming. Neuropsychologia. 2019;124:337-349. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.10.024
82.
PylkkänenLMarantzA. Tracking the time course of word recognition with MEG. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2003;7(5):187-189.
83.
KimM-SKimJSChungCK. Neural correlates of immediate and delayed word recognition memory: An MEG study. Brain Research. 2008;1240(C):132-142. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.061.
84.
HalgrenEDhondRPChristensenN, et al. N400-like magnetoencephalography responses modulated by semantic context, word frequency, and lexical class in sentences. Neuroimage. 2002;17(3):1101-1116. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1268.
85.
BölteJSchulzCDobelC. Processing of existing, synonymous, and anomalous German derived adjectives: An MEG study. Neurosci Lett. 2010;469(1):107-111. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.054.
86.
FroudKTitoneDMarantzALevyDL. Brain/behavior asymmetry in schizophrenia: a MEG study of cross-modal semantic priming. J Neurolinguistics. 2010;23:223-239. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.03.001
87.
MaekawaTHiranoSOnitsukaT. Auditory and visual mismatch negativity in psychiatric disorders: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2012;8:97-105. doi:10.2174/1573400511208020097
88.
RinneTGrattonGFabianiM, et al. Scalp-recorded optical signals make sound processing in the auditory cortex visible?Neuroimage. 1999;10:620-624. doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0495
89.
TseCYPenneyTB. On the functional role of temporal and frontal cortex activation in passive detection of auditory deviance. Neuroimage. 2008;41:1462-1470. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.043
90.
Gunduz-BruceHReinhartRMGRoachBJ, et al. Glutamatergic modulation of auditory information processing in the human brain. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71:969-977. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.031
91.
KasaiKNakagomeKItohK, et al. Impaired cortical network for preattentive detection of change in speech sounds in schizophrenia: a high-resolution event-related potential study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:546-553. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.546
92.
KasaiKYamadaHKamioS, et al. Neuromagnetic correlates of impaired automatic categorical perception of speech sounds in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2003;59:159-172.
93.
KawakuboYKamioSNoseT, et al. Phonetic mismatch negativity predicts social skills acquisition in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2007;152:261-265. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.02.010
94.
FisherDJLabelleAKnottVJ. Auditory hallucinations and the mismatch negativity: processing speech and non-speech sounds in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 2008;70:3-15. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.04.001
95.
YamasueHYamadaHYumotoM, et al. Abnormal association between reduced magnetic mismatch field to speech sounds and smaller left planum temporale volume in schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 2004;22:720-727. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.042
96.
PearlsonGD. Superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale in schizophrenia: a selective review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1997;21:1203-1229. doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(97)00159-0
97.
VitaADe PeriLDesteGSacchettiE. Progressive loss of cortical gray matter in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal MRI studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e190. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.116
98.
UhlhaasPJSingerW. Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11:100-113. doi:10.1038/nrn2774
99.
PalvaSPalvaJM. Discovering oscillatory interaction networks with M/EEG: challenges and breakthroughs. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:219-230. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.004
100.
Le Van QuyenMBraginA. Analysis of dynamic brain oscillations: methodological advances. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30:365-373. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.006
101.
MathalonDHSohalVS. Neural oscillations and synchrony in brain dysfunction and neuropsychiatric disorders: it’s about time. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:840-845. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0483
102.
HiranoYOribeNKanbaSOnitsukaTNestorPGSpencerKM. Spontaneous gamma activity in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:813-821. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2642
103.
SpencerKMNestorPGNiznikiewiczMASalisburyDFShentonMEMcCarleyRW. Abnormal neural synchrony in schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 2003;23:7407-7411.
104.
UhlhaasPJLindenDEJSingerW, et al. Dysfunctional long-range coordination of neural activity during gestalt perception in schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 2006;26:8168-8175. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2002-06.2006
105.
FordJMMathalonDHWhitfieldSFaustmanWORothWT. Reduced communication between frontal and temporal lobes during talking in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:485-492.
106.
HiranoSHiranoYMaekawaT, et al. Abnormal neural oscillatory activity to speech sounds in schizophrenia: a magnetoencephalography study. J Neurosci. 2008;28:4897-4903. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5031-07.2008
107.
OribeNOnitsukaTHiranoS, et al. Differentiation between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia revealed by neural oscillation to speech sounds: an MEG study. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12:804-812. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00876.x
108.
HickokGPoeppelD. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8:393-402. doi:10.1038/nrn211
109.
ArtigesEMartinotJLVerdysM, et al. Altered hemispheric functional dominance during word generation in negative schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:709-721.
110.
van VeelenNMJVinkMRamseyNF, et al. Reduced language lateralization in first-episode medication-naive schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2011;127:195-201. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.12.013
111.
HuntMJKopellNJTraubRDWhittingtonMA. Aberrant Network Activity in Schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci. 2017;40(6):371-382. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.04.003.
112.
RoopunAKCunninghamMORaccaCAlterKTraubRDWhittingtonMA. Region-specific changes in gamma and beta2 rhythms in NMDA receptor dysfunction models of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34:962-973. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn059
113.
Gonzalez-BurgosGLewisDA. GABA neurons and the mechanisms of network oscillations: implications for understanding cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34:944-961. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn070
114.
UhlhaasPJRouxFRodriguezERotarska-JagielaASingerW. Neural synchrony and the development of cortical networks. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010;14:72-80. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.002
115.
StoiceaNVersteegGFlorescuD, et al. Ketamine-based anesthetic protocols and evoked potential monitoring: a risk/benefit overview. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:37. doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00037.
116.
CorlettPRHoneyGDFletcherPC. Prediction error, ketamine and psychosis: an updated model. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford). 2016;30(11):1145-1155. doi:10.1177/0269881116650087.
117.
UnoYCoyleJT. Glutamate hypothesis in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. January2019:1-43. doi:10.1111/pcn.12823.
118.
JavittDCZukinSRHeresco-LevyUUmbrichtD. Has an angel shown the way? Etiological and therapeutic implications of the PCP/NMDA model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:958-966. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs069
119.
SteinmannSLeichtGAndreouCPolomacNMulertC. Auditory verbal hallucinations related to altered long-range synchrony of gamma-band oscillations. Sci Rep. August2017:1-10. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09253-7.
120.
ThiebesSSteinmannSCuricS, et al. Alterations in interhemispheric gamma-band connectivity are related to the emergence of auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy subjects during NMDA-receptor blockade. Neuropsychopharmacology. May2018:1-8. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0014-z.
121.
KantrowitzJTEpsteinMLBeggelO, et al. Neurophysiological mechanisms of cortical plasticity impairments in schizophrenia and modulation by the NMDA receptor agonist D-serine. Brain. 2016;139(12):3281-3295. doi:10.1093/brain/aww262.
122.
KrystalJHKarperLPSeibylJP, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:199-214.
123.
HakamiTJonesNCTolmachevaEA, et al. NMDA receptor hypofunction leads to generalized and persistent aberrant gamma oscillations independent of hyperlocomotion and the state of consciousness. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006755
124.
SpencerKMNiznikiewiczMANestorPGShentonMEMcCarleyRW. Left auditory cortex gamma synchronization and auditory hallucination symptoms in schizophrenia. BMC Neurosci. 2009;10:85. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-10-85.
125.
ZhouT-HMuellerNESpencerKM, et al. Auditory steady state response deficits are associated with symptom severity and poor functioning in patients with psychotic disorder. Schizophr Res. 2018;201(C):278-286. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.027.
126.
SivaraoDV. The 40-Hz auditory steady-state response: a selective biomarker for cortical NMDA function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1344(1):27-36. doi:10.1111/nyas.12739.
127.
NakaoKNakazawaK. Brain state-dependent abnormal LFP activity in the auditory cortex of a schizophrenia mouse model. Front Neurosci. 2014;8:168. doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00168
128.
TadaMKiriharaKKoshiyamaD, et al. Gamma-band auditory steady-state response as a neurophysiological marker for excitation and inhibition balance: a review for understanding schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2020; 51(4):234-243. doi:10.1177/1550059419868872
129.
O’DonnellBFVohsJLKrishnanGPRassOHetrickWPMorzoratiSL. The auditory steady-state response (ASSR): a translational biomarker for schizophrenia. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;62:101-112.
130.
KirinoETanakaSFukutaM, et al. Simultaneous resting-state functional MRI and electroencephalography recordings of functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;71(4):262-270. doi:10.1111/pcn.12495.
