Event related brain potential (ERP) waveforms consist of several components extending in time, frequency and topographical space. Therefore, an efficient processing of data which involves the time, frequency and space features of the signal, may facilitate understanding the plausible connections among the functions, the anatomical structures and neurophysiological mechanisms of the brain. Wavelet transform (WT) is a powerful signal processing tool for extracting the ERP components occurring at different time and frequency spots. A technical explanation of WT in ERP processing and its four distinct applications are presented here. The first two applications aim to identify and localize the functional oddball ERP components in terms of certain wavelet coefficients in delta, theta and alpha bands in a topographical recording. The third application performs a similar characterization that involves a three stimulus paradigm. The fourth application is a single sweep ERP processing to detect the P300 in single trials. The last case is an extension of ERP component identification by combining the WT with a source localization technique. The aim is to localize the time-frequency components in three dimensional brain structure instead of the scalp surface. The time-frequency analysis using WT helps isolate and describe sequential and/or overlapping functional processes during ERP generation, and provides a possibility for studying these cognitive processes and following their dynamics in single trials during an experimental session.
ErgenogluTDemiralpTBeydagiHKaramurselSDevrimMErmutluN. Slow cortical potential shifts modulate P300 amplitude and topography in humans. Neurosci Lett1998; 251:61–64.
4.
PolichJ. On the relationship between EEG and P300: Individual differences, aging, and ultradian rhythms. Intern J Psychophysiol1997; 26(1–3): 299–317.
5.
PolichJKokA. Cognitive and biological determinants of P300: An integrative review. Biol Psychol1995; 41:103–146.
6.
RuchkinDSSuttonSMahaffeyD. Functional differences between members of the P300 complex: P3e and P3b. Psychophysiology1987; 24: 87–103.
7.
BaşarE. EEG and Brain Dynamics. Relation Between EEG and Brain Evoked Potentials. Amsterdam; Elsevier; 1980.
8.
BaşarE. Brain Function and Oscillations. II: Integrative Brain Function. Neurophysiology and Cognitive Processes. Berlin: Springer; 1999.
9.
SteriadeMGloorPLLlinásRRLopes da SilvaFHMesulamM. Report of IFCN Committee on Basic Mechanisms. Basic mechanisms of cerebral rhythmic activities. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1990; 76(6): 481–508.
10.
Lopes da SilvaFH. Neural mechanisms underlying brain waves: From neural membranes to networks. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1991; 79(2): 81–93.
11.
DemiralpTBasárE. Theta rhythmicities following expected visual and auditory targets. Intern J Psychophysiol1992; 13: 147–160.
12.
Basár-ErogluCBasárEDemiralpTSchürmannM. P300 response: Possible psychophysiological correlates in delta and theta frequency channels. Intern J Psychophysiol1992; 13:161–179.
13.
PfurtschellerGKlimeschW. Event-related synchronization and desynchronization of alpha and beta waves in a cognitive task. In: BasarE and BullockTH (eds). Induced Rhythms in the Brain. Boston: Birkhaüser; 1992: 117–128.
14.
YordanovaJKolevVPolichJ. P300 and alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) are functionally associated. Psychophysiology; 2000. In press.
15.
KlimeschW. EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Res Rev1999; 29:169–195.
16.
DonchinEHeffleyEF. Multivariate analysis of event related potential data: A tutorial review. In: OttoDA (ed). Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Event-Related Brain Potential Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978: 555–572.
17.
MakeigSWesterfieldMJungTPCovingtonJTownsendJSejnowskiTJCourchesneE. Functionally independent components of the late positive event-related potential during visual spatial attention. J Neurosci1999; 19: 2665–2680.
18.
IntriligatorJPolichJ. On the relationship between EEG and ERP variability. Intern J Psychophysiol1995; 20: 59–74.
19.
SquiresNSquiresKHillyardS. Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1975; 38:387–401.
20.
Pascual-MarquiRDMichelCMLehmannD. Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: A new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. Intern J Psychophysiol1994; 18:49–65.
21.
MosherJCLewisPSLeahyRM. Multiple dipole modeling and localization from spatio-temporal MEG data. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1992; 39: 541–557.
22.
SchergMBergP. New concepts of brain source imaging and localization. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1996; 46 (suppl): 127–37.
23.
PictonTWAlainCWoodsDL. Intracerebral sources of human auditory-evoked potentials. Audiol Neurootol1999; 4(2): 64–79.
24.
DemiralpTYordanovaJKolevAdemoglu ADevrimMSamarV. Time-frequency analysis of single-sweep event-related potentials by means of fast wavelet transform. Brain Lang1999; 66:129–145.
25.
AdemogluADemiralpTYordanovaJKolevVDevrimM. Decomposition of event-related brain potentials into multi-components using Wavelet transform. Applied Sig Process1998; 5:142–151.
YordanovaJDevrimMKolevVAdemogluADemiralpT. Multiple time-frequency components account for the complex functional reactivity of P300. Neuroreport2000; 11(5):1097–1103.
28.
AdemogluA. Analysis of averaged and single evoked potentials using damped sinusoids and wavelet basis functions. Ph.D. Thesis.Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; 1995.
29.
AdemogluAMicheli-TzanakouEIstefanopulosY. Analysis of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PRVEPs) by spline wavelets. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1997; 44: 881–890.
30.
DemiralpTAdemogluASchürmannMBasar-ErogluCBaşarE. Detection of P300 waves in single trials by the wavelet transform. Brain Lang1999; 66:108–128.
31.
SamarVJSwartzKPRaghuveerMR. Multi-resolution analysis of event-related potentials by wavelet decomposition. Brain Cogn1995; 27: 398–438.
32.
SamarVJBopardikarARaoRSwartzK. Wavelet analysis of neuroelectric waveforms: A conceptual tutorial. Brain Language1999; 66: 7–60.
33.
TzelepiABezerianosTBodis-WollnerI. Functional properties of sub-bands of oscillatory brain waves to pattern visual stimulation in man. Clin Neurophysiol2000; 111(2):259–69.
34.
DaubechiesI. Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Comm Pure Appli Math1988; 41:909–996.
35.
MallatS. A theory for multi-resolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intel)1989; 11: 674–693.
36.
GrayCMSingerW. Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1989; 86:1698–1702.
37.
UnserMAldroubiAEdenM. On the asymptotic convergence of B-spline wavelets to Gabor functions. IEEE Trans Inform Theory1992; 38: 864–872.
38.
HalgrenESquiresNWilsonCRohrbaughJBabbTCrandallP. Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. Science1980; 210: 803–805.
39.
PolichJSquireLR. P300 from amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1993;86:408–417.
40.
KnightRScabiniDWoodsDClayworthC. Contributions of temporal-parietal junction to the human auditory P3. Brain Res1989; 502:109–116.
41.
HalgrenEBaudenaPClarkeJHeitGLiegeoisCChauvelPMusolinoA. Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. I. Superior temporal plane and parietal lobe. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1995; 94:191–220.
42.
KnightR. Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol1984; 59: 9–20.
43.
MenonVFordJLimKGloverGPfefferbaumA. Combined event-related fMRI and EEG evidence for temporal-parietal cortex activation during target detection. NeuroReport1997; 8: 3029–3037.
44.
CourchesneECourchesneRHillyardS. The effect of stimulus deviation on P3 waves to easily recognized stimuli. Neuropsychologia1978; 16:189–199.
PolichJ. Task difficulty, probability, and inter-stimulus interval as determinants of P300 from auditory stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1987; 68:311–320.
50.
JohnsonRJr. On the neural generators of the P300 component of the event-related potential. Psychophysiology1993; 30: 90–97.
51.
DevrimMDemiralpTAdemogluAKurtA. A model of P300 generation based on responses to near-threshold visual stimuli. Cogn Brain Res1999; 8: 37–43.
52.
HillyardSAPictonTW. Event related brain potentials and selective information processing in man. In: DesmedtJE (ed). Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology. Basel: Karger1979; 6:1–50.
53.
PictonTW. The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. J Clin Neurophysiol1992; 9: 456–479.
54.
DonchinEColesM. Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating?Behav Brain Sci1988; 11:357–374.
55.
MöcksJVerlegerR. Principal component analysis of event-related potentials: A note on misallocation of variance. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1986; 65: 393–398.
56.
NäätänenR. The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behav Brain Sciences1990;13:201–288.
57.
JohnsonRJr. A triarchic model of P300 amplitude. Psychophysiology1986; 23: 367–384.
58.
PolichJAlexanderJBauerL. P300 topography of amplitude/latency correlations. Brain Topogr1997; 9:275–282.
