Outcome Measures and Prognosis in Traumatic Brain Injury

Epstein AM The outcomes movement—will it get us where we want go? N Engl J Med 1990;323:266-69.

Choi SC , et al. Prediction tree for severely head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1991;75:251-55..

Gladman Jrf , et al. Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: prospective evaluation of five multivariate models and comparison with simple methods. JNNP 1991;55:347-51.

Narayan RK , et al. Improved confidence of outcome prediction in severe head injury : J Neurosurg 1981;54:751-62.

Thatcher RW , et al. Comprehensive predictions of outcome in closed head-injured patients: the development of prognostic equations. Ann NY Acad Sc 1991;620:82-101.

Wasson JH , et al. Clinical prediction rules: applications and methodological standards . New Engl J Med 1985;313:793-99.

Barlow P. , et al. Prediction of outcome and the management of severe head injuries: the attitude of neurosurgeons. Neurosurg 1986 ;19:989-91.

Sandel ME , et al. Outcome prediction: clinical and research perspectives. Phys Med Rehabil: State of the Art Reviews 1990;4:409-20.

Brooks DN , McKinlay W. , Symington C. , et al. Return to work within the first seven years of severe head injury . Brain Injury 1987; 1:5-19.

Oddy M. , et al. Social adjustment after closed head injury: a further follow-up seven years after injury. JNNP 1985;48:564-68.

Rappaport M. , et al. Head injury outcome up to ten years later. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989;70:885-92.

Thomsen IV Late outcome of very severe blunt head trauma: au 10-15 year follow-up . JNNP 1984;47:260-68.

Vogenthaler DR , et al. Head injury, an empirical study: describing long-term productivity and independent living outcome. Brain Injury 1989;3:355-68.

Gualitieri T. , et al. The delayed neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1991 ;5:219-32.

Brooks DN Defining outcome. Brain Injury 1989 ;3:325-29.

Brooks DN et at. The five year outcome of severe blunt head injury: a relative's view. JNNP 1986;49:764-60.

Evans RW , Ruff RM Outcome and value: a perspective on rehabilitation outcomes achieved in acquired brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1992;7:24-36.

Jennett B. , Teasdale G. , Braakman R. , et al. Predicting outcome in individual patients after severe head injury. Lancet 1976;i:1031-1034.

Johnson EW Outcome measures ... a chimera? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1992;71:201.

Condeluci A. , et al. Outcome and value: the survivor perspective . J Head Trauma Rehabil 1992;7:37-45.

Dodwell D. , et al. The heterogeneity of social outcome following head injury. JNNP 1988;51:833-38.

Jacobs HE The Los Angeles Head Injury Survey: procedures and initial findings . Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:425-31.

Johnston MV , et al. Measurement standards for interdisciplinary medical rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73:S3-S23.

Livingston MG , et al. Patient outcome in the year following severe head injury and relatives' psychiatric and social functioning. JNNP 1985;48:876-81.

Jennett B. , Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975;1:480-84.

Jennett B. , Teasdale G. , et at. Prognosis of patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1979;4:283-89.

Brooks DN , Hosie J. , Bond MR , et al. Cognitive sequelae of severe head injury in relation to the Glasgow Outcome Scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:549-53.

Hall K. , et at. Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale: comparative usefulness in following recovery in traumatic head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985;66:35-37.

Johnston MV , et at. Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation XII: measurement tools with application to brain injury. Am J Med Rehabit 1991;70:Sl14-S130.

Levin HS , et al. Neurobehavioral outcome of minor head injury: a three-center study. J Neurosurg 1987;66:234-43.

Kriel R. , et al. Pediatric closed head injury: outcome following prolonged unconsciousness . Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:678-81.

Sandel ME , et at. Persistent facial myoclonus: a negative prognostic sign in patients with brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993 ;74:411-15.

Cope ND , et al. Head injury rehabilitation: benefit of early intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982;63:433-37.

Cope ND , Date ES , Mar EY Serial computerized tomographic evaluation in traumatic head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:483-86.

Kalisky Z. , Morrison DP , Meyers CA , Von Laufen A. Medical problems encountered during rehabilitation of patients with head injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985;66:25-29.

Rondinelli RD , et al. Predictors of functional outcome and resource utilization in inpatient rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:447-53.

Spettell CM , et al. Time of rehabilitation admission and severity of trauma: effect on brain injury outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:320-25.

Udin Aronow H. Rehabilitation effectiveness with severe brain injury: translating research into policy. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1987;2:24-36.

Ben-Yishay Y. , et al. Relationship between employability and vocational outcome after intensive holistic cognitive rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1987;2:35-48.

Cope ND , et al. Analysis of outcome in a post-acute rehabilitation system. Part I: General Analysis. Brain Injury 1991;5:111-26.

Cope ND , et al. Brain injury: analysis of outcome in a post-acute rehabilitation system. Part II: Subanalysis. Brain Injury 1991;5:127-40.

Fryer J. , et al. Cognitive rehabilitation and community readaptation: outcomes from two program models. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1987;2:51-63.

Johnston MV , et al. Outcomes of community re-entry programmes for brain injury survivors. Part I: Independent living and productive activities . Brain Injury 1991;5:141-54.

Johnston MV , et al. Outcomes of community re-entry programmes for brain injury survivors. Part II: Further investigations. Brain Injury 1991;5:155-68.

Williams JM , Gomez F. , Drudge OW , Kessler M. Predicting outcome from closed head injury by early assessment of trauma severity. J Neurosurg 1984;61:581-85.

Brooks DN , et al. Alcohol and other predictors of cognitive recovery after severe head injury. Brain Injury 1989;3:235-46.

Klauber MR , Marshall LF , Barrett-Connor E. , et al. Prospective study of patients hospitalized with head injury in San Diego County, 1978. Neurosurgery 1981 ;9:236-41.

Levati A. , Farina ML , Vecchi G. , et al. Prognosis of severe head injuries. J Neurosurg 1982;57:779-83.