Transformational Technologies in Single-Event Neurological Conditions: Applying Lessons Learned in Stroke to Cerebral Palsy (August 14-15,2008)

Abstract

References

Valvano J. Activity-focused motor interventions for children with neurological disorders . Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2004;24:79-107.

Damiano D. Activity, activity, activity: rethinking our physical therapy approach to cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1534-1540.

Charles JR , Wolf SL , Schneider JA , Gordon AM Efficacy of a child-friendly form of constraint-induced movement therapy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized control trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:635-642.

Kamper DG , Yasukawa AM , Barrett KM , Gaebler-Spira DJ Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation treatment of cerebral palsy on potential impairment mechanisms: a pilot study. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2006;18:31-38.

Bax MC , Flodmark O. , Tydeman C. Definition and classification of cerebral palsy. From syndrome toward disease . Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007;109:39-41.

Rosenbaum P. The natural history of gross motor development in children with cerebral palsy aged 1 to 15 years. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49:724.

Rosenbaum PL , Walter SD , Hanna SE , et al. Prognosis for gross motor function in cerebral palsy: creation of motor development curves. JAMA. 2002;288:1357-1363.

Eliasson AC , Forssberg H. , Hung YC , Gordon AM Development of hand function and precision grip control in individuals with cerebral palsy: a 13-year follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1226-1236.

Sanger TD , Chen D. , Delgado MR , Gaebler-Spira D. , Hallett M. , Mink JW Definition and classification of negative motor signs in childhood. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2159-2167.

10.

Sanger TD , Delgado MR , Gaebler-Spira D. , Hallet M. , Mink JW Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood . Pediatrics. 2003;111:E89-E97.

11.

Albright AL Intrathecal baclofen in cerebral palsy movement disorders. J Child Neurol. 1996(suppl 1):S29-S35.

12.

Bloom KK , Nazar GB Functional assessment following selective posterior rhizotomy in spastic cerebral palsy. Childs Nerv Syst. 1994;10: 84-86.

13.

Moore AP , Ade-Hall RA , Smith CT , et al. Two-year placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin A for leg spasticity in cerebral palsy. Neurology. 2008 ;71:122-128.

14.

Yang TF , Chan RC , Wong TT , et al. Quantitative measurement of improvement in sitting balance in children with spastic cerebral palsy after selective posterior rhizotomy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;75:348-352.

15.

Bleck EE Locomotor prognosis in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol . 1975;17:18-25.

16.

Fowler EG , Nwigwe A. l, Ho TW Sensitivity of the pendulum test for assessing spasticity in persons with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 ;42:182-189.

17.

Ayalon M. , Ben-Sira D. , Hutzler Y. , Gilad T. Reliability of isokinetic strength measurements of the knee in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 ;42:398-402.

18.

Berger W. , Quintern J. , Dietz V. Stance and gait perturbations in children: developmental aspects of compensatory mechanisms. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1985;61:385-395.

19.

Aisen ML , Krebs HI , Hogan N. , McDowell F. , Volpe BT The effect of robot-assisted therapy and rehabilitative training on motor recovery following stroke. Arch Neurol. 1997 ;54:443-446.

20.

Krebs HI , Volpe BT , Aisen ML , Hogan N. Increasing productivity and quality of care: robot-aided neurorehabilitation . J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000;37:639-652.

21.

Volpe BT , Krebs HI , Hogan N. Is robot-aided sensorimotor training in stroke rehabilitation a realistic option? Curr Opin Neurol.2001;14: 745-752.

22.

Fasoli SE , Fragala-Pinkham M. , Hughes R. , Hogan N. , Krebs HI , Stein J. Upper limb robotic therapy for children with hemiplegia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87:929-936.

23.

Goodall S. , Reggia JA , Chen Y. , Ruppin E. , Whitney C. A computational model of acute focal cortical lesions. Stroke . 1997;28:101-109.

24.

Sober SJ , Stark SM , Yamasaki DS , Lytton WW

Receptive field changes after strokelike cortical ablation: a role for activation dynamics

J Neurophysiol. 1997;78:3438-3443.

25.

Lytton WW , Stark JM , Yamaski DS , Sober SJ Computer models of stroke recovery: implications for Neurorehabilitation. Neuroscientist. 1999;5:100-111.

26.

Reinkensmeyer D. , Lobbi D. , Kahn L. , Kamper D. , Takahashi C. Modeling reaching impairment after stroke using a population vector model of movement control that incorporates neural firing rate variability. Neural Comput. 2003 ;15:2619-2642.

27.

Emken JL , Benitez R. , Reinkensmeyer DJ Human-robot cooperative movement training: learning a novel sensory motor transformation during walking with robotic assistance-as-needed. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2007;4:8.

28.

Mirbagheri MM , Tsao CC , Rymer WZ Changes of elbow kinematics and kinetics during 1 year after stroke. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37:387-395.

29.

Rohrer B. , Fasoli S. , Krebs HI , et al. Movement smoothness changes during stroke recovery. J Neurosci. 2002;22:8297-8304.

30.

Emken JL , Benitez R. , Sideris A. , Bobrow JE , Reinkensmeyer DJ Motor adaptation as a greedy optimization of error and effort. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:3997-4006.

31.

Wolbrecht ET , Chan V. , Reinkensmeyer DJ , Bobrow JE Optimizing compliant, model-based robotic assistance to promote neurorehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2008;16:286-297.

32.

Wolbrecht ET , Reinkensmeyer DJ , Bobrow JE Optimizing compliant, model-based robotic assistance to promote Neurorehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2008;16:286-297.

33.

Han CE , Arbib ME , Schweighofer N. Stroke rehabilitation reaches a threshold. PLoS Comput Biol. 2008;4:1000133.

34.

Whelan MA Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004;63:1985-1986.

35.

Garel C. , Delezoide AL , Elmaleh-Berges M. , et al. Contribution of fetal MR imaging in the evaluation of cerebral ischemic lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 ;25:1563-1568.

36.

Korzeniewski SJ Neuroimaging for cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51:3-4.

37.

Zimmerman RA , Bilaniuk LT Neuroimaging evaluation of cerebral palsy. Clin Perinatol . 2006;33:517-544.

38.

Hoon AH , Belsito KM , Nagae-Poetscher LM Neuroimaging in spasticity and movement disorders. J Child Neurol. 2003;18(suppl 1):S25-S39.

39.

Kulak W. , Sobaniec W. , Smigielska-Kuzia J. , Kubas B. , Walecki J. Metabolite profile in the basal ganglia of children with cerebral palsy: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:285-289.

40.

Wilke M. , Holland SK , Myseros JS , Schmithorst VJ Ball WS Functional magnetic resonance imaging in pediatrics. Neuropediatrics . 2003;34: 225-233.

41.

Poldrack RA Imaging brain plasticity: conceptual and methodological issues-a theoretical review. Neuroimage. 2000 ;12:1-13.

42.

Huppert TJ , Hoge RD , Diamond SG , Franceschini MA , Boas DA A temporal comparison of BOLD, ASL, and NIRS hemodynamic responses to motor stimuli in adult humans. Neuroimage. 2006;29:368-382.

43.

Aslin RN , Mehler J. Near-infrared spectroscopy for functional studies of brain activity in human infants: promise, prospects, and challenges. J Biomed Opt . 2005;10:11009.

44.

Leff DR , Orihuela-Espina F. , Atallah L. , Darzi A. , Yang GZ Functional near infrared spectroscopy in novice and expert surgeons-a manifold embedding approach. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv Int Conf Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2007;10(pt 2):270-277.

45.

Suzuki M. , Miyai I. , Ono T. , Kubota K. Activities in the frontal cortex and gait performance are modulated by preparation. An fNIRS study. Neuroimage. 2008;39:600-607.

46.

Petrova A. , Mehta R. Near-infrared spectroscopy in the detection of regional tissue oxygenation during hypoxic events in preterm infants undergoing critical care. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006;7:449-454.

47.

Kovelman I. , Shalinsky MH , Berens MS , Petitto LA Shining new light on the brain’s "bilingual signature": a functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy investigation of semantic processing. Neuroimage. 2008; 39: 1457-1471.

48.

Carmick J. Clinical use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for children with cerebral palsy. Part 2: upper extremity. Phys Ther. 1993;73:514-527.

49.

Carmick J. Use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and [corrected] dorsal wrist splint to improve the hand function of a child with spastic hemiparesis. Phys Ther. 1997;77:661-671.

50.

Pierce SR , Laughton CA , Smith BT , Orlin MN , Johnston TE , McCarthy JJ Direct effect of percutaneous electric stimulation during gait in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a report of 2 cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:339-343.

51.

Pierce SR , Orlin MN , Lauer RT , Johnston TE , Smith BT , McCarthy JJ Comparison of percutaneous and surface functional electrical stimulation during gait in a child with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83:798-805.

52.

Stackhouse SK , Binder-Macleod SA , Stackhouse CA , McCarthy JJ , Prosser LA , Lee SC Neuromuscular electrical stimulation versus volitional isometric strength training in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy: a preliminary study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007; 21:475-485.

53.

Weiss PL , Rand D. , Katz N. , Kizony R. Video capture virtual reality as a flexible and effective rehabilitation tool . J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2004; 1:12.

54.

Katz N. , Ring H. , Naveh Y. , Kizony R. , Feintuch U. , Weiss PL Interactive virtual environment training for safe street crossing of right hemisphere stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27:1235-1243.

55.

Fung J. , Malouin F. , McFadyen BJ , et al. Locomotor rehabilitation in a complex virtual environment. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;7:4859-4861.

56.

Fung J. , Richards CL , Malouin F. , McFadyen BJ , Lamontagne A. A treadmill and motion coupled virtual reality system for gait training poststroke . Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006;9:157-162.

57.

Keshner EA , Kenyon RV Using immersive technology for postural research and rehabilitation. Assist Technol. 2004;16:54-62.

58.

Subramanian S. , Knaut LA , Beaudoin C. , McFadyen BJ , Feldman AG , Levin MF Virtual reality environments for post-stroke arm rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2007 ;22:20.

59.

Merians AS , Poizner H. , Boian R. , Burdea G. , Adamovich S. Sensorimotor training in a virtual reality environment: does it improve functional recovery post stroke? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2006;20:252-267.

60.

Pape T. , Rosenow J. , Lewis G. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a possible treatment for TBI. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21: 437-451.

61.

Jayaram G. , Stinear JW Contralesional paired associative stimulation increases paretic lower limb motor excitability post-stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2008;185:563-570.

62.

Stinear CM , Barbara PA , Coxon JP , Fleming MK , Byblow WE Priming the motor system enhances the effects of upper limb therapy in chronic stroke. Brain 2008;131:1381-1390.

63.

Eyre JA , Taylor JP , Villagra F. , Smith M. , Miller S. Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development. Neurology. 2001;57:1543-1554.

64.

Eyre J. , Smith M. , Dabydeen L. , et al. Is hemiplegic cerebral palsy equivalent to amblyopia of the corticospinal system? Ann Neurol. 2007;62:493-503.

65.

Rand D. , Katz N. , Weiss PL Evaluation of virtual shopping in the VMall: comparison of post-stroke participants to healthy control groups. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:1710-1719.

66.

Kleim JA , Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural-plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51:5225-5239.

67.

Calder BJ , Staw BM Self-perception of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;31:599-605.

68.

Alaverdashvili M. , Foroud A. , Lim DH , Whishaw IQ "Learned baduse" limits recovery of skilled reaching for food after forelimb motor stroke in rats: a new analysis of the effect of gestures on success. Behav Brain Res. 2008;188:281-290.

69.

Knaut LA , Subramanian SK , McFadyen BJ , Bourbonnais D. , Levin MF Kinematics of pointing movements made in a virtual versus a physical 3-dimensional environment in healthy and stroke subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:793-802.

70.

Policy JF , Torburn L. , Rinsky LA , Rose J. Electromyographic test to differentiate mild diplegic cerebral palsy and idiopathic toe-walking. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21:784-789.

71.

Rose J. , McGill KC Neuromuscular activation and motor-unit firing characteristics in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:329-336.

72.

Bax M. , Tydeman C. , Flodmark O. Clinical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: The European Cerebral Palsy Study. JAMA.2006;296:1602-1608.

73.

Rose J. , Wolff DR , Jones VK , Bloch DA , Ohlert J. , Gamble JG Postural balance in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:58-63.

74.

Woollacott MH , Shumway-Cook A. , Hutchinson S. , Ciol M. , Kartin D. Effect of balance training on muscle activity used in recovery of stability in children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study . Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:455-461.

75.

Wu YW , Day SM , Strauss DJ Sjave RM Prognosis for ambulation in cerebral palsy: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1264-1270.

76.

Rose J. , Mirmiran M. , Butler E. , et al. Microstructural development of the internal capsule on neonatal diffusion tensor MRI correlates to severity of gait and motor deficits in preterm children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 ;49:745-750.

77.

Adolph KE , Vereijken B. , Shrout PE What changes in infant walking and why? Child Dev. 2003;74:475-497.

78.

Damiano DL , Quinlivan J. , Owen BF , Shaffrey M. , Abel MF Spasticity versus strength in cerebral palsy: relationships among involuntary resistance, voluntary torque, and motor function. Eur J Neurol . 2001; 9(suppl 5):40-49.

79.

Fridén J. , Lieber RL Spastic muscle cells are shorter and stiffer than normal cells. Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:157-164.

80.

Phillips JP , Sullivan KJ , Burtner PA , Caprihan A. , Provost B. , Bernitsky-Beddingfield A. Ankle dorsiflexion fRMI in children with cerebral palsy undergoing intensive body-weight supported treadmill training: a pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49:39-44.

81.

Taub E. , Griffin A. , Nick J. , Gammons J. , Uswatte J. , Law CR Pediatric CI therapy for stroke-induced hemiparesis in young children. Dev Neurorehabil. 2007;10:3-18.

82.

Dodd JK , Foley S. Partial body-weight-supported treadmill training can improve walking in children with cerebral palsy: a clinical controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007;49:101-105.

83.

Fischer HC , Stubblefield K. , Kline T. , Luo X. , Kenyon RV , Kamper DG Hand rehabilitation following stroke: a pilot study of assisted finger extension training in a virtual environment. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14:1-12.

84.

Borggraefe I. , Meyer-Heim A. , Kumar A. , Schaefer JS , Berweck S. , Heinen F. Improved gait parameters after robotic-assisted locomotor treadmill therapy in a 6-year-old child with cerebral palsy. Mov Disord. 2008;23:280-283.

85.

Wright PA , Granat MH Therapeutic effects of functional electrical stimulation of the upper limb of eight children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol . 2000;42:724-727.

86.

Frasoli A. , Borelli L. , Montagner A. , et al. Arm rehabilitation with a robotic exoskeleton in virtual reality . Noordwik, The Netherlands: Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics ; 2007:631-642.

87.

Nef T. , Mihelj M. , Kiefer G. , Perndl C. , Muller R. , Riener R. ARIMin- exoskeleton for arm therapy in stroke patients. Noordwik, The Netherlands . Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics;2007:631-642.

88.

Zhang L. , Park H. , Ren Y. Developing an intelligent robotic arm for stroke rehabilitation. The Netherlands. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics; 2007:984-993.

89.

Kleim JA , Jones TA , Schallert T. Motor enrichment and the induction of plasticity before or after brain injury . Neurochem Res. 2003;28:1757-1769.

90.

Liepert J. , Bauder H. , Wolfgang HR , Miltner WH , Taub E. , Weiller C. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke. 2000;31:1210-1216.

91.

Hesse S. , Werner C. , Pohl M. , Rueckriem S. , Mehrholz J. , Lingnau ML Computerized arm training improves the motor control of the severely affected arm after stroke: a single-blinded randomized trial in two centers. Stroke. 2005;36:1960-1966.

92.

Kawasaki H. , Ito S. , Ishigure Y. , et al. Development of a hand motion assist robot for rehabilitation therapy by patient self-motion control. The Netherlands: Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics ; 2007:234-240.

93.

Sanchez RJ , Liu J. , Rao S. , et al. Automating arm movement training following severe stroke: functional exercises with quantitative feedback in a gravity-reduced environment. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2006;14:378-389.

94.

Sugar TG , He J. , Koeneman EJ , et al. Design and control of RUPERT: a device for robotic upper extremity repetitive therapy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2007;15:336-346.

95.

Krebs HI , Hogan N. , Aisen ML , Volpe BT Robot-aided neuro-rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1998;6:75-87.

96.

Israel JF , Campbell DD , Kahn JH , Hornby TG Metabolic costs and muscle activity patterns during robotic- and therapist-assisted treadmill walking in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1466-1478.

97.

Krebs HI , Volpe BT , Ferraro M. , et al. Robot-aided Neurorehabilitation: from evidence-based to science-based rehabilitation. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2002;8:54-70.

98.

Patton JL , Kovic M. , Mussa-Ivaldi FA Custom-designed haptic training for restoring reaching ability to individuals with poststroke hemiparesis. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43:643-656.

99.

Bayona NA , Bitensky J. , Salter K. , Teasell R. The role of task-specific training in rehabilitation therapies. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2005;12: 58-65.

100.

Krebs HI , Mernoff S. , Fasoli SE , Hughes R. , Stein J. , Hogan N. A comparison of functional and impairment-based robotic training in severe to moderate chronic stroke: a pilot study. Neurorehabilitation . 2008;23:81-87.

101.

Krebs HI , Volpe BT , Williams D. , et al. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation: a robot for wrist rehabilitation . IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2007 ;15:327-335.

102.

Adamovich S. , Fluet GG , Merians AS , Mathai A. , Qiu Q. Recovery of hand function in virtual reality: training hemiparetic hand and arm together or separately. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008: 3475-3478.

103.

Sutherland DH The evolution of clinical gait analysis. Part II: kinematics. Gait Posture. 2002;16:159-179.

104.

Cook RE , Schneider I. , Hazlewood ME , Hillman SJ , Robb JE Gait analysis alters decision-making in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23:292-295.

105.

Perry J. Distal rectus femoris transfer. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1987;29:153-158.

106.

Carney BT , Oeffinger D. , Gove NK Sagittal knee kinematics after rectus femoris transfer without hamstring lengthening . J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;15:265-267.

107.

Bonato P. Could robotics improve walking ability of children with cerebral palsy? United Cerebral Palsy Research and Education Foundation Web site: 2007. http://www.upresearch.org/fact-sheets/07-2007-robotics.php. Accessed August 12, 2008.

108.

Henderson A. , Korner-Bitensky N. , Levin M. Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review of its effectiveness for upper limb motor recovery. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007 ;14:52-61.

109.

Patton JL , Pai YC , Lee WA Evaluation of a model that determines the stability limits of dynamic balance . Gait Posture. 1999;9:38-49.

110.

Patton JL , Lee WA , Pai YC Relative stability improves with experience in a dynamic standing task. Exp Brain Res. 2000;135:117-126.

111.

Edgerton VR , Tillakaratne NJ , Bigbee AJ , de Leon RD , Roy RR Plasticity of the spinal neural circuitry after injury. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:145-167.

112.

Wernig A. , Muller S. , Nanassy A. , Cagol E. Laufband therapy based on ‘rules of spinal locomotion’ is effective in spinal cord injured persons. Eur J Neurosci. 1995;7:823-829.

113.

Behrman AL , Harkema SJ Locomotor training after human spinal cord injury: a series of case studies. Phys Ther. 2000;80:688-700.

114.

Wirz M. , Zemon DH , Rupp R. , et al. Effectiveness of automated locomotor training in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: a multicenter trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:672-680.

115.

Hornby TG , Campbell DD , Zemon DH , Kahn JH

Clinical and quantitative evaluation of robotic-assisted treadmill walking to retrain ambulation following spinal cord injury

Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2005;11:1-17.

116.

Norrie BA , Nevett-Duchcherer JM , Gorassini MA Reduced functional recovery by delaying motor training after spinal cord injury . J Neurophysiol. 2005;94:255-264.

117.

Hidler JM , Wall AE Alterations in muscle activation patterns during robotic-assisted walking . Clin Biomech. 2005;20:184-193.

118.

Hidler J. , Nichols D. , Pelliccio M. , et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the lokomat in subacute stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . 2009;23:5-13.

119.

Hornby TG , Campbell DD , Kahn JH , Demott T. , Moore JL , Roth HR Enhanced gait-related improvements after therapist- versus robotic-assisted locomotor training in subjects with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Stroke. 2008;39:1786-1792.

120.

Dam M. , Tonin P. , De Boni A. , et al. Effects of fluoxetine and maprotiline on functional recovery in poststroke hemiplegic patients undergoing rehabilitation therapy. Stroke. 1996;27:1211-1214.

121.

Field-Fote EC Combined use of body weight support, functional electrical stimulation, and treadmill training to improve walking ability in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:818-824.

122.

Daly JJ , Roenigk KL , Butler KM , et al. Response of sagittal plane gait kinematics to weight-supported treadmill training and functional neuromuscular stimulation following stroke . J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41:807-820.

123.

Gallagher AG , Ritter EM , Champion H. , et al. Virtual reality simulation for the operating room: proficiency-based training as a paradigm shift in surgical skills training. Ann Surg. 2005;241:364-372.

124.

Crosbie JH , Lennon S. , Brasford JR , McDonough SM Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: still more virtual than real. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:1139-1146.

125.

Burdea GC Force and touch feedback for virtual reality. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1996.

126.

Rossini PM , Altamura C. , Ferreri F. , et al. Neuroimaging experimental studies on brain plasticity in recovery from stroke. Eura Medicophys . 2007;43:241-254.

127.

Mraz R. , Hong J. , Quintin G. , et al. A platform for combining virtual reality experiments with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2003;6:359-368.

128.

Di Diodato L. , Mraz R. , Baker N. , Graham SJ A haptic force feedback device for VR-fMRI experiments. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2007;15:570-576.

129.

Ferber S. , Mraz R. , Baker N. , Graham SJ Shared and differential neural substrates of copying versus drawing: an fMRI study. Neuroreport. 2007;18:1089-1093.

130.

Kempermann G. , Kuhn HG , Gage FH Genetic influence on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:10409-10414.

131.

Foster TC , Dumas TC Mechanism for increased hippocampal synaptic strength following differential experience. J Neurophysiol. 2001;85: 1377-1383.

132.

Biernaskie J. , Corbett D. Enriched rehabilitative training promotes improved forelimb motor function and enhanced dendritic growth after focal ischemic injury. J Neurosci. 2001;21:5272-5280.

133.

Nudo RJ , Wise BM , SiFuentes F. , Milliken GW Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science. 1996;272:1791-1794.

134.

Singer R. , Lidor R. , Cauraugh JH To be aware or not aware? What to think about while learning and performing a motor skill. Sport Psychologist. 1993;7:19-30.

135.

Elbert T. , Pantev C. , Wienbruch C. , Rockstroh B. , Taub E. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science. 1995:270:305-307.

136.

Butefisch C. , Hummelsheim H. , Denzler P. , Mauritz KH Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand . J Neurol Sci. 1995;130:59-68.

137.

Dean CM , Shepherd RB Task-related training improves performance of seated reaching tasks after stroke. A randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 1997;28:722-728.

138.

Plautz EJ , Milliken GW , Nudo RJ Effects of repetitive motor training on movement representations in adult squirrel monkeys: role of use versus learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2000;74:27-55.

139.

Daly JJ , Ruff RL Evidence-based construction and measurement of efficacious gait and upper limb functional interventions after stroke: a case for combination interventions . ScientificWorldJournal. 2007;7:2031-2045.

140.

McCabe JP , Dohring ME , Pundik S. , Daly JJ Feasibility of combining gait robot and multi-channel functional electrical stimulation with intramuscular electrodes. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45:997-1006.

141.

Rosenbaum P. , Steward D. The world health organization international classification of functioning, disability, and health: a model to guide clinical thinking, practice and research in the field of cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11:5-10.

142.

Verbrugge LM , Jette AM The disablement process. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38:1-14.

143.

Jette AM Physical disablement concepts for physical therapy research and practice. Phys Ther.1994;74:380-386.

144.

Perepezko E. , Rogers J. , Dohring M. , Goyal K. , Hogan N. , Ruff R. Response to upper limb robotics and functional neuromuscular stimulation following stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42:723-736.

145.

Daly JJ , Fang Y. , Perepezko E. , Yue G. Prolonged brain motor planning time and elevated cognitive effort during a linear movement task following stroke." IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2006;14: 168-171.

146.

Daly JJ , Roenigk KL , Rogers JM , et al. A randomized controlled trial to test FNS gait training for chronic stroke subjects. Stroke. 2006;37:172-178.

147.

Daly JJ , Sng K. , Fredrickson E. , Dohring M. Usefulness of an intralimb coordination measure in response to innovative gait training for stroke survivors. Gait Posture. 2007;25:412-418.

148.

Johnson L. , Winters JM Enhanced TheraJoy technology for use in upper-extremity stroke rehabilitation . Proc Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Sci 2004:4932-4935.

149.

Bach y Rita P. , Wood S. , Leder R. , et al. Computer assisted motivating rehabilitation for institutional, home, and educational late stroke programs. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2002;8:1-10.

150.

Johnson MJ , Feng X. , Johnson LM , Winters JM Potential of a suite of robot/computer-assisted motivating systems for personalized, home-based, stroke rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2007;4:6.

151.

Feng X. , Ellsworth C. , Johnson L. , Winters JM UniTherapy: software design and hardware tools of teletherapy. Orlando, FL. Annual Meeting of the Rehabilitation and Engineering Society of North America; 2004.