Macro and Microvascular Effects of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Boyle J.P. Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U. S. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1936–1940.

Benjamin S.M. , Valdez R. , Geiss L.S. , Rolka D.B. , Narayan K.M. Estimated number of adults with prediabetes in the U.S. in 2000: opportunities for prevention. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 645–649.

Hanson R.L. , Imperatore G. , Bennett P.H. , Knowler W.C. Components of the “metabolic syndrome” and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51: 3120–3127.

Abbasi F. , Brown B.W. Jr. , Lamendola C. , McLaughlin T. , Reaven G.M. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 937–943.

Black R.N.A. , Spence R.O. , McMahon G.J. Effect of Eucaloric high- and low-sucrose diets with identical macronutrient profile on insulin resistance and vascular risk: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes 2006; 55: 3566–3572.

Perry I.J. , Wannamethee S.G. , Shaper A.G. , Alberti K.G. Serum true insulin concentration and the risk of clinical non-insulin dependent diabetes during long-term follow-up. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 735–741.

Hunter S.J. , Garvey W.T. Insulin action and insulin resistance: diseases involving defects in insulin receptors, signal transduction and the glucose transport effector system. Am J Med 1998; 105: 331–345.

Ferrannini F. Insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: problems and prospects. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 477–490.

Despres J.P. , Lamarche B. , Maruiege P. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 952–957.

Lakka H.M. , Lakka T.A. , Tuomilehto J. , Sivenius J. , Salonen J.T. Hyperinsulinemia and the risk of cardiovascular death and acute coronary and cerebrovascular events in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1160–1168.

Yip J. , Facchini F.S. , Reaven G.M. Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2773–2776.

World Health Organisation. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint Who/FAO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World Health ORGl; 2002 (Tech.Rep.Ser., no. 916).

Mann J. Free sugars and human health: sufficient evidence for action? Lancet 2004; 363: 1068–1070.

Hu F.B. , Willett W.C. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 2002; 288: 2569–2578.

Kromhout D. , Menotti A. , Kesteloot H. , Sans S. Prevention of coronary heart disease by diet and lifestyle: evidence from prospective cross-cultural, cohort, and intervention studies. Circulation 2002; 105: 893–898.

Tuomilehto J. , Lindstrom J. , Eriksson J.G. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2004; 344: 1343–1350.

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 dibetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.

Marshall J.A. , Hoag S. , Shetterly S. , Hamman R.F. Dietary fat predicts conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 50–56.

Tominaga M. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 920–924.

Laakso M. Glycemic control and the risk for coronary heart disease in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Finnish studies. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 127–130.

Ledru F. New diaganostic criteria for diabetes and coronary artery disease: insights from an angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 1543–1550.

Bonora E. , Muggeo M. Postprandial blood glucose as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in type II diabetes: the epidemiological evidence. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 2107–2114.

Taskinen M.R. , Lahdenpera S. , Syvanne M. New insights into lipid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Med 1996; 28: 335–340.

Karpe F. , deFaire U. , Mercuri M. , Bond M.G. , Hellenius M.L. , Hamsten A. Magnitude of alimentary lipemia is related to intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 1998; 141: 307–314.

Cavallero E. , Dachet C. , Neufeou D. , Wirquin E. , Mathe D. , Jacotot B. Postprandial amplification of lipoprotein abnormalities in controlled type II diabetic subjects: relationship to postprandial lipemia and C-peptide/glucagons levels. Metabolism 1994; 43: 270–278.

Heine R.J. , Dekker J.M. Beyond postprandial hyperglycemia: metabolic factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 461–475.

Ceriello A. , Motz E. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease: The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 816–823.

DeCaterina R. Endothelial dysfunctions: common denominators in vascular disese. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000; 11: 9–23.

Ceriello A. Acute hyperglycemia and oxidative stress generation. Diabetes Med 1997; 14: 545–549.

Marfella R. , Nappo F. , DeAngelis L. , Paolisso G. , Tagliamonte M.R. , Giugliano D. Hemodynamic effects of acute hyperglycemia in tye 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 658–663.

Bongiovanni C. Nonsurgical management of chronic wounds in patients with diabetes. JVU 2006; 30: 215–218.

Mitchell W.S. , Winocour P.H. , Gush R.J. Skin blood flow and limited joint mobility in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Br J Rheumatol 1989; 28: 195–200.

Hoyden M.R. , Tyagi S.C. Vasa vasorum in plaque angiogenesis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atheroscleropathy: a malignant transformation. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2004; 3: 1–16.