Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Incidence of end-stage renal disease among persons with diabetes—United States, 1990–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2005; 54: 1097–1100.
2.
KingH., AubertR.E., HermanW.H.Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care.1998; 21: 1414–1431.
3.
DiehmC., LawallH.Diabetes, heart surgery and the peripheral arteries. Clin Res Cardiol.2006; 95(Suppl 1): i63–i69.
4.
WautrechtJ.C.Vascular complications of diabetes. Rev Med Brux.1995; 16: 262–265.
5.
HiattW.R., MarshallJ.A., BaxterJ.Diagnostic methods for peripheral arterial disease in the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. J Clin Epidemiol.1990; 43: 597–606.
6.
GarciaL.A.Epidemiology and pathophysiology of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. J Endovasc Ther.2006; 13(Suppl 2): II3–II9.
7.
Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) on the management of peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.2000; 19(Suppl A): S1–S244.
8.
PollexR.L., MamakeesickM., ZinmanB.Methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase polymorphism 677C>T is associated with peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol.2005; 4: 17.
9.
GreggE.W., SorlieP., Paulose-RamR.Prevalence of lower-extremity disease in the US adult population >=40 years of age with and without diabetes: 1999–2000 national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes Care.2004; 27: 1591–1597.
10.
HittelN., DonnellyR.Treating peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab.2002; 4(Suppl 2): S26–S31.
11.
ZanderE., HeinkeP., ReindelJ.Peripheral arterial disease in diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2: are there different risk factors?Vasa.2002; 31: 249–254.
12.
MalgrangeD., RichardJ.L., LeymarieF.Screening diabetic patients at risk for foot ulceration. A multi-centre hospital-based study in France. Diabetes Metab.2003; 29: 261–268.
13.
NormanP.E., DavisW.A., BruceD.G., DavisT.M.Peripheral arterial disease and risk of cardiac death in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care.2006; 29: 575–580.
14.
ParameswaranG.I., BrandK., DolanJ.Pulse oximetry as a potential screening tool for lower extremity arterial disease in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med.2005; 165: 442–446.
15.
KhattabA.D., AliI.S., RawlingsB.Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients selected from a primary care setting: Implications for nursing practice. J Vasc Nurs.2005; 23: 139–148.
16.
American Diabetes Association. Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care. Diabetes Care.1999; 22: 1354.
17.
ChantelauE., LeeK.M., JungblutR.Distal arterial occlusive disease in diabetes is related to medial arterial calcification. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.1997; 105(Suppl 2): 11–13.
LehtoS., NiskanenL., SuhonenM.Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.1996; 16: 978–983.
20.
YoungM.J., AdamsJ.E., AndersonG.F.Medial arterial calcification in the feet of diabetic patients and matched nondiabetic control subjects. Diabetologia.1993; 36: 615–621.
21.
DaneseC., VestriA.R., D'AlfonsoV.Do hypertension and diabetes mellitus influence the site of atherosclerotic plaques?Clin Ter.2006; 157: 9–13.
22.
WeissJ.S., SumpioB.E.Review of prevalence and outcome of vascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.2006; 31: 143–150.
23.
ChaturvediN., StevensL.K., FullerJ.H.Risk factors, ethnic differences and mortality associated with lower-extremity gangrene and amputation in diabetes. The WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. Diabetologia.2001; 44(Suppl 2): S65–S71.
24.
EasonS.L., PetersenN.J., Suarez-AlmazorM.Diabetes mellitus, smoking, and the risk for asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease: whom should we screen?J Am Board Fam Pract.2005; 18: 355–361.
25.
MorganJHIII, WallC.E.Jr., ChristieD.B.The results of superficial femoral, popliteal, and tibial artery stenting for peripheral vascular occlusive disease. Am Surg.2005; 71: 905–909.
26.
BhattD.L., StegP.G., OhmanE.M.International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA.2006; 295: 180–189.
27.
Locking-CusolitoH., HarwoodL., WilsonB.Prevalence of risk factors predisposing to foot problems in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrol Nurs J.2005; 32: 373–384.
28.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet.1998; 352: 854–865.
29.
McVeighG.E., MorganD.R., AllenP.Early vascular abnormalities and de novo nitrate tolerance in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab.2002; 4: 336–341.
30.
American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care.2003; 26: 3333–3341.
31.
CossonE., PaychaF., TellierP.Lower-limb vascularization in diabetic patients. Assessment by thallium-201 scanning coupled with exercise myocardial scintigraphy. Diabetes Care.2001; 24: 870–874.
32.
SahliD., EliassonB., SvenssonM.Assessment of toe blood pressure is an effective screening method to identify diabetes patients with lower extremity arterial disease. Angiology.2004; 55: 641–651.
33.
HollandT.Utilizing the ankle brachial index in clinical practice. Ostomy Wound Manage.2002; 48: 38–40, 43–36, 48–39.
34.
FagliaE., CaravaggiC., MarchettiR.Screening for peripheral arterial disease by means of the ankle-brachial index in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Med.2005; 22: 1310–1314.
35.
HiattW.R.Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med.2001; 344: 1608–1621.
36.
NewmanA.B., ShemanskiL., ManolioT.A.Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.1999; 19: 538–545.
37.
LangeS., DiehmC., DariusH.High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and low treatment rates in elderly primary care patients with diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.2004; 112: 566–573.
38.
BrooksB., DeanR., PatelS.TBI or not TBI: that is the question. Is it better to measure toe pressure than ankle pressure in diabetic patients?Diabet Med.2001; 18: 528–532.
39.
WeitzJ.I., ByrneJ., ClagettG.P.Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: a critical review. Circulation.1996; 94: 3026–3049.
40.
EndresH.G., HuckeC., Holland-LetzT.A new efficient trial design for assessing reliability of ankle-brachial index measures by three different observer groups. BMC Cardiovasc Disord.2006; 6: 33.
41.
BonhamP.A.Get the LEAD out: noninvasive assessment for lower extremity arterial disease using ankle brachial index and toe brachial index measurements. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs.2006; 33: 30–41.
42.
HolsteinP., LassenN.A.Healing of ulcers on the feet correlated with distal blood pressure measurements in occlusive arterial disease. Acta Orthop Scand.1980; 51: 995–1006.
43.
OrchardT.J., StrandnessD.E.Assessment of peripheral vascular disease in diabetes: report and recommendation of an international workshop. Diabetes Care.1993; 83: 685–695.
44.
ChristensenJ.H., FreundlichM., JacobsenB.A.Clinical relevance of pedal pulse palpation in patients suspected of peripheral arterial insufficiency. J Intern Med.1989; 226: 95–99.
45.
ToursarkissianB., MejiaA., SmilanichR.P.Noninvasive localization of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease in diabetics. Ann Vasc Surg.2001; 15: 73–78.
46.
ZimnyS., SchatzH., PfohlU.The effects of applied felted foam on wound healing and healing times in the therapy of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Med.2003; 20: 622–625.
47.
FranzeckU.K., TalkeP., BernsteinE.F.Transcutaneous PO2 measurements in health and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Surgery.1982; 91: 156–163.
48.
de VriesM., OuwendijkR., FlobbeK.Peripheral arterial disease: clinical and cost comparisons between duplex US and contrast-enhanced MR angiography–a multicenter randomized trial. Radiology.2006; 240: 401–410.
49.
McDermottM.M., CriquiM.H., FerrucciL.Obesity, weight change, and functional decline in peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg.2006; 43: 1198–1204.
50.
McDermottM.M., LiuK., FerrucciL.Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more. Ann Intern Med.2006; 144: 10–20.
51.
GargP.K., TianL., CriquiM.H.Physical activity during daily life and mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation.2006; 114: 242–248.
52.
JacobyD., Mohler ERI.I.I.Drug treatment of intermittent claudication. Drugs.2004; 64: 1657–1670.
53.
HiattW.R.The US experience with cilostazol in treating intermittent claudication. Atheroscler Suppl.2005; 6: 21–31.
54.
RegensteinerJ.G., WareJ.E.Jr., McCarthyW.J.Effect of cilostazol on treadmill walking, community-based walking ability, and health-related quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication due to peripheral arterial disease: meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc.2002; 50: 1939–1946.
55.
DawsonD.L., CutlerB.S., HiattW.R.A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med.2000; 109: 523–530.
RubinB.G.Plaque excision in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther.2006; 18: 47–52.
59.
LinS., McKinseyJ.F.Plaque excision for the treatment of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol.2005; 8: 165–168.
60.
ZellerT., RastanA., SchwarzwalderU.Midterm results after atherectomy-assisted angioplasty of below-knee arteries with use of the Silverhawk device. J Vasc Interv Radiol.2004; 15: 1391–1397.
61.
SaltzbergS.S., PomposelliF.B.Jr., BelfieldA.K.Outcome of lower-extremity revascularization in patients younger than 40 years in a predominantly diabetic population. J Vasc Surg.2003; 38: 1056–1059.
62.
ChaturvediN., AbbottC.A., WhalleyA.Risk of diabetes-related amputation in South Asians vs. Europeans in the UK. Diabet Med.2002; 19: 99–104.
63.
GiuriniJ.M., LyonsT.E.Diabetic foot complications: diagnosis and management. Int J Low Extrem Wounds.2005; 4: 171–182.
