Evidence-based Effectiveness of Topical Fluorides

Ammari AB, Bloch-Zupan A, Ashley PF (2003). Systematic review of studies comparing the anti-caries efficacy of children’s toothpaste containing 600 ppm of fluoride or less with high fluoride toothpastes with 1,000 ppm or above. Caries Res 37:85–92.

Bartizek RD, Gerlach RW, Faller RV, Jacobs SA, Bollmer BW, Biesbrock AR (2001). Reduction in dental caries with four concentrations of sodium fluoride in a dentifrice: a meta-analysis evaluation. J Clin Dent 12:57–62.

Batchelor PA, Sheiham A (2006). The distribution of burden of dental caries in schoolchildren: a critique of the high risk caries prevention strategy for populations. BMC Oral Health 6(1):3.

Bottenberg P, Declerck D, Ghidey W, Bogaerts K, Vanobbergen J, Martens L (2004). Prevalence and determinants of enamel fluorosis in Flemish schoolchildren. Caries Res 38:20–28.

Chalmers I (1993). The Cochrane Collaboration: preparing, maintaining, and disseminating systematic reviews of health care. Ann NY Acad Sci 703:156–165.

Clark DC, Hanley JA, Stamm JW, Weinstein PL (1985). An empirically based system to estimate the effectiveness of caries-preventive agents. A comparison of the effectiveness estimates of APF gels and solutions, and fluoride varnishes. Caries Res 19:83–95.

Clarke M, Langhorne P (2001). Revisiting the Cochrane Collaboration. Meeting the challenge of Archie Cochrane - and facing up to some new ones. BMJ 323:821.

Cochrane AL (1972). Effectiveness and efficiency. Random reflections in health services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.

Cuervo LG, Clarke M (2003). Balancing benefits and harms in health care. BMJ 327:65–66.

Harding MA, Whelton H, O’Mullane DM, Cronin M, Warren JJ (2005). Primary tooth fluorosis in 5-year-old schoolchildren in Ireland. Eur J Paediatr Dent 6:155–161.

Helfenstein U, Steiner M (1994). Fluoride varnishes (Duraphat): a meta-analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 22:1–5.

Higgins JPT, Green S, editors (2005). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 4.2.5. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester: Wiley.

Johnson MF (1993). Comparative efficacy of NaF and SMFP dentifrices in caries prevention: a meta-analytic overview. Caries Res 27:328–336.

Jones S, Burt BA, Petersen PE, Lennon MA (2005). The effective use of fluorides in public health. Bull World Health Org 83:670–676.

Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A (2002a). Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD002280.

Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A (2002b). Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002279.

Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S (2003a). Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002278.

Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A (2003b). Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002284.

Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A (2003c). Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD002782.

Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S (2004a). One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes)versus another for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002780.

Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S (2004b). Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002781.

Maupome G, Shulman JD, Clark DC, Levy SM (2003). Socio-demographic features and fluoride technologies contributing to higher fluorosis scores in permanent teeth of Canadian children. Caries Res 37:327–334.

McDonagh MS, Whiting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ, Chestnutt I, Cooper J, et al. (2000). Systematic review of water fluoridation. BMJ 321:855–859.

Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup D, for the QUORUM group (1999). Improving the quality of reporting of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: the QUORUM statement. Lancet 354:1896–1900.

Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman D (2001). The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. J Am Med Assoc 285:1987–1991.

Petersson LG, Twetman S, Dahlgren H, Norlund A, Holm AK, Nordenram G, et al. (2004). Professional fluoride varnish treatment for caries control: a systematic review of clinical trials. Acta Odontol Scand 62:170–176.

Stamm JW (1995). Clinical studies of neutral sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices. In: Relative efficacy of sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate as anti-caries agents in dentifrices. Bowen WH, editor. London: The Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited, pp. 43–58.

Stamm JW, Bohannan HM, Graves RC, Disney JA (1984). The efficiency of caries prevention with weekly fluoride mouthrinses. J Dent Educ 48:617–626.

Steiner M, Helfenstein U, Menghini G (2004). Effect of 1000 ppm relative to 250 ppm fluoride toothpaste: a meta-analysis. Am J Dent 17:85–88.

Strohmenger L, Brambilla E (2001). The use of fluoride varnishes in the prevention of dental caries: a short review. Oral Dis 7:71–80.

Twetman S, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, Holm AK, Kallestal C, Lagerlöf F, et al. (2003). Caries-preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 61:347–355.

van Rijkom HM, Truin GJ, van ‘t Hof MA (1998). A meta-analysis of clinical studies on the caries-inhibiting effect of fluoride gel treatment. Caries Res 32:83–92.

Woolf SH, Battista RN, Anderson GM, Logan AG, Wang E (1990). Assessing the clinical effectiveness of preventive maneuvers: analytic principles and systematic methods in reviewing evidence and developing clinical practice recommendations. A report by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. J Clin Epidemiol 43:891–905.