The workshop considered five questions reviewing the identification of international oral health care needs of children and adults, and the management of oral diseases in resource-poor countries: (1) What is the role of the dental profession in the management of the HIV-infected individual? (2) Identifying health care needs-What are the epidemiology and disparities of HIV-associated oral lesions in children from different continents? (3) How effective is HIV treatment in controlling oral diseases? (4) Could we develop basic inexpensive oral and dental care protocols for economically deprived HIV-infected patients? and (5) What is the best method of arranging resources to meet the oral health care needs of people with HIV disease? The consensus of the workshop participants was that there is a need to re-target research efforts to non-established market economy countries and prioritize research in these regions to children with HIV disease. It will be important to assess commonalities and variations in oral health needs across geographical and cultural boundaries, and research efforts should be centralized in resource-poor countries to support multi-center longitudinal standardized studies. It is essential that oral health research be integrated into other health care research programs, to make these research priorities and public health initiatives feasible.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abel SN, Barnes D, Bleecker T, Gerbert B (1995). Specialized dental HIV clinics: why patients choose dedicated facilities for care. In: Oral manifestations of HIV infection. Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, editors. Chicago: Quintessence, pp. 319–323.
2.
Adedoja D, Kabue MM, Sahila P (2002). Cancrum oris in HIV infected children in Lesotho: report of two cases. East Afr Med J79:499–501.
3.
Akpede GO, Ambe JP, Rabasa AI, Akuhwa TR, Ajayi BB, Akoma MA, et al. (1997). Presentation and outcome of HIV-1 infection in hospitalised infants and other children in north-eastern Nigeria. East Afr Med J74:21–27.
4.
Angelillo IF, Villari P, D’Errico MM, Grasso GM, Ricciardi G, Pavia M (1994). Dentists and AIDS: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in Italy. J Public Health Dent54:145–152.
5.
Anteyi KO, Thacher TD, Yohanna S, Idoko JI (2003). Oral manifestations of HIV-AIDS in Nigerian patients. Int J STD AIDS14:395–398.
6.
Arendorf TM, Bredekamp B, Cloete CA, Sauer G (1998). Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 600 South African patients. J Oral Pathol Med27:176–179.
7.
Arribas JR, Hernandez-Albujar S, Gonzalez-Garcia JJ, Pena JM, Gonzalez A, Canedo T, et al. (2000). Impact of protease inhibitor therapy on HIV-related oropharyngeal candidiasis. AIDS14:979–985.
8.
Arotiba JT, Odaibo GN, Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Ajagbe HA, Olaleye OD (2003). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among oral surgery patients at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci32:253–255.
9.
Baelum V, Scheutz F (2002). Periodontal diseases in Africa. Periodontol 200029:79–103.
10.
Balasundaram S (2004). Awareness of occupational exposure to HIV infection among dental surgeons in Chennai, south India—a KAB study (abstract). Adv Dent Res19:169.
11.
Barasch A, Safford MM, Catalanotto FA, Fine DH, Katz RV (2000). Oral soft tissue manifestations in HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative children from an inner city population: a two-year observational study. Pediatr Dent22:215–220.
12.
Barasch A, Safford MM, Dapkute-Marcus I, Fine DH (2004). Efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate rinse for treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected children: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod97:204–207.
13.
Barnes DB, Gerbert B, McMaster JR, Greenblatt RM (1996). Self-disclosure experience of people with HIV infection in dedicated and mainstreamed dental facilities. J Public Health Dent56:223–225.
14.
Begg MD, Panageas KS, Mitchell-Lewis D, Bucklan RS, Phelan JA, Lamster IB (1996). Oral lesions as markers of severe immunosuppression in HIV infected homosexual men and injection drug users. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod82:276–283.
15.
Begg MD, Lamster IB, Panageas KS, Mitchell-Lewis D, Phelan JA, Grbic JT (1997). A prospective study of oral lesions and their predictive value for progression of HIV disease. Oral Dis3:176–183.
16.
Bray F, Chapman S (1990). AIDS and dentistry in Australia: knowledge, infection control practices and attitudes to treatment in a random sample of Australian dentists. Community Health Stud14:384–393.
17.
Broder HL, Catalanotto FA, Reisine S, Variagiannis E (1996). Compliance is poor among HIV-infected children with unmet dental needs. Pediatr Dent18:137–138.
18.
Broder HL, Russell SL, Variagiannis E, Reisine ST (1999). Oral health perceptions and adherence with dental treatment referrals among caregivers of children with HIV. AIDS Educ Prev11:541–551.
19.
Broder HL, Russell S, Catapano P, Reisine S (2002). Perceived barriers and facilitators to dental treatment among female caregivers of children with and without HIV and their health care providers. Pediatr Dent24:301–308.
20.
Brown JB, Rosenstein D, Mullooly J, O’Keeffe Rosetti M, Robinson S, Chiodo G (2002). Impact of intensified dental care on outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Patient Care STDs16:479–486.
21.
Campo-Trapero J, Cano-Sanchez J, del Romero-Guerrero J, Moreno-Lopez LA, Cerero-Lapiedra R, Bascones-Martinez A (2003). Dental management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Quintessence Int34:515–525.
22.
Cattelan AM, Trevenzoli M, Aversa SM (2004). Novel pharmacological therapies for the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs13:501–513.
23.
Chan A, Milnes A, King SM, Read S (1994). The relationship of oral manifestations to parameters of immune function and CDC stage in children born to HIV positive women. Pediatric AIDS and HIV infection: Fetus to adolescent5:101–107.
24.
Charbonneau A, Maheux B, Beland F (1999). Do people with HIV/AIDS disclose their HIV-positivity to dentists? AIDS Care11:61–70.
25.
Chen JW, Flaitz CM, Wullbrandt B, Sexton J (2003). Association of dental health parameters with oral lesion prevalence in human immunodeficency virus-infected Romanian children. Pediatr Dent25:479–484.
26.
Cheung TW, Remick SC, Azarnia N, Proper JA, Barrueco JR, Dezube BJ (1999). AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: a phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin. The TLC D-99 Study Group. Clin Cancer Res5:3432–3437.
27.
Chidzonga MM (1996). Noma (cancrum oris) in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients: report of eight cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg54:1056–1060.
28.
Chidzonga MM, Rusakaniko S (2004). Ranula: another HIV/AIDS associated oral lesion in Zimbabwe. Oral Dis10:229–232.
29.
Coates E, Slade GD, Goss AN, Gorkic E (1996). Oral conditions and their social impact among HIV dental patients. Aust Dent J41:33–36.
30.
Colebunders R, Ryder R, Francis H, Nekwei W, Bahwe Y, Lebughe I, et al. (1991). Seroconversion rate, mortality and clinical manifestations associated with the receipt of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected blood transfusion in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect Dis164:450–456.
31.
Coulter ID, Marcus M, Freed JR, Der-Martirosian C, Cunningham WE, Andersen RM, et al. (2000). Use of dental care by HIV-infected medical patients. J Dent Res79:1356–1361.
32.
Coulter ID, Heslin KC, Marcus M, Hays RD, Freed J, Der-Martirosian C, et al. (2002). Associations of self-reported oral health with physical and mental health in a nationally representative sample of HIV persons receiving medical care. Qual Life Res11:57–70.
33.
Crossley ML (2004). A qualitative exploration of dental practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards HIV+ and patients with other ’high risk’ groups. Br Dent J197:21–26.
34.
Croucher R, Robinson P, Zakrzewska JM, Cooper H, Greenwood I (1997). Satisfaction with care of patients attending a dedicated dental clinic: comparisons between 1989 and 1994. Int J STD AIDS8:150–153.
35.
Daniel N, Machado PF, Sala MA, Komesu MC (2004). Attitudes of dental students and dental professionals caring for HIV-positive patients in São Paulo, Brazil. AIDS Patient Care STDs18:63–65.
36.
Del Toro A, Berkowitz R, Meyerowitz C, Frenkel LM (1996). Oral findings in asymptomatic (P-1) and symptomatic (P-2) HIV infected children. Pediatr Dent18:114–116.
37.
Dobalian A, Andersen RM, Stein JA, Hays RD, Cunningham WE, Marcus M (2003). The impact of HIV on oral health and subsequent use of dental services. J Public Health Dent63:78–85.
38.
EC-Clearinghouse on Oral Problems Related to HIV Infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on Oral Manifestations of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1993). Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection. J Oral Pathol Med22:289–291.
39.
Fabry W, Okemo P, Ansorg R (1996). Fungistatic and fungicidal activity of east African medicinal plants. Mycoses39:67–70.
40.
Feigal DW, Katz MH, Greenspan D, Westenhouse J, Winkelstein W Jr, Lang W, et al. (1991). The prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-infected homosexual and bisexual men: three San Francisco epidemiological cohorts. AIDS5:519–525.
41.
Ficarra G, Chiodo M, Morfini M, Longo G, Orsi A, Piluso S, et al. (1994). Oral lesions among HIV-infected hemophiliacs. A study of 54 patients. Haematologica79:148–153.
42.
Fine DH, Tofsky N, Nelson EM, Schoen D, Barasch A (2003). Clinical implications of the oral manifestations of HIV infection in children. Dent Clin North Am47:159–174, xi–xii.
43.
Flaitz CM, Nichols CM, Hicks MJ (1996). Oral malignancies diagnosed in an HIV-dedicated dental clinic. TX Dent J113:49–57.
44.
Flanagan MA, Barasch A, Koenigsberg SR, Fine D, Houpt M (2000). Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in HIV-infected minority children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapies. Pediatr Dent22:287–291.
45.
Gachigo JN, Naidoo S (2001). HIV/AIDS: the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of dentists in Nairobi, Kenya. S Afr Dent J56:587–591.
46.
Gaitan-Cepeda L, Cashat-Cruz M, Morales-Aguirre JJ, Sanchez-Vargas L, Aquino-Garcia S, Fragoso-Rios R, et al. (2002). Prevalence of oral lesions in Mexican children with perinatally acquired HIV: association with immunologic status, viral load, and gender. AIDS Patient Care STDs16:151–156.
47.
Gallagher PD, Gealer M, Birnbaum W (1998). Resource implications for oral care of patients with HIV. Oral Dis4:22–25.
48.
Gerbert B (1987). AIDS and infection control in dental practice: dentists’ attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. J Am Dent Assoc114:311–314.
49.
Ghate MV, Mehendale SM, Mahajan BA, Yadav R, Brahme RG, Divekar AD, et al. (2000). Relationship between clinical conditions and CD4 counts in HIV-infected persons in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Natl Med J India13:183–187.
50.
Glick M, Sciubba JJ (1995). Should there be dedicated dental clinics for HIV-infected patients? In: Oral manifestations of HIV infection. Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, editors. Chicago: Quintessence, pp. 357–359.
51.
Glick M, Muzyka BC, Lurie D, Salkin LM (1994). Oral manifestations associated with HIV-related disease as markers for immune suppression and AIDS. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol77:344–349.
52.
Grando LJ, Yurgel LS, Machado DC, Silva CL, Menezes M, Picolli C (2002). [Oral manifestations, CD4+ T-lymphocytes count and viral load in Brazilian and North-American HIV-infected children]. Pesqui Odontol Bras16:18–25 [in Portuguese].
53.
Greenspan D, Shirlaw PJ (1997). Management of the oral mucosal lesions seen in association with HIV infection. Oral Dis3(Suppl 1):S229–S234.
54.
Greenspan D, Canchola A, MacPhail LA, Cheikh B, Greenspan JS (2001). Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts. Lancet357:1411–1412.
55.
Greenspan D, Gange SJ, Phelan JA, Navazesh M, Alves ME, MacPhail LA, et al. (2004). Incidence of oral lesions in HIV-1-infected women: reduction with HAART. J Dent Res83:145–150.
56.
Greenspan JS (1997). Sentinels and signposts: the epidemiology and significance of the oral manifestations of HIV disease. Oral Dis3(Suppl 1):S13–S17.
57.
Greenspan JS, Greenspan D (2002). The epidemiology of the oral lesions of HIV infection in the developed world. Oral Dis8(Suppl 2):34–39.
58.
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV (2003). Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J Appl Microbiol95:853–860.
59.
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV (2004). Antifungal effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antimicrob Chemother53:1081–1085.
60.
Hastreiter RJ, Jiang P (2002). Do regular dental visits affect the oral health care provided to people with HIV? J Am Dent Assoc133:1343–1350.
61.
Hauk MJ, Moss ME, Weinberg GA, Berkowitz RJ (2001). Delayed tooth eruption: association with severity of HIV infection. Pediatr Dent23:260–262.
62.
Heslin KC, Cunningham WE, Marcus M, Coulter I, Freed J, Der Martirosian C, et al. (2001). A comparison of unmet needs for dental and medical care among persons with HIV infection receiving care in the United States. J Public Health Dent61:14–21.
63.
Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM, Carter AB, Cron SG, Rossmann SN, Simon CL, et al. (2000). Dental caries in HIV-infected children: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Dent22:359–364.
64.
Hilton JF, Donegan E, Katz MH, Canchola AJ, Fusaro RE, Greenspan D, et al. (1997). Development of oral lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected transfusion recipients and hemophiliacs. Am J Epidemiol145:164–174.
65.
HIV patients seek better dental care [news] (2002). Br Dent J15:609.
66.
Hobdell M, Johnson NW, Lalloo R, Myburgh N (2004). Progress in policy issues to improve oral health in Africa. Oral Dis10:125–128.
67.
Hodgson TA (1997). HIV-associated oral lesions: prevalence in Zambia. Oral Dis3(Suppl 1):S46–S50.
68.
Hodgson TA, Kondowe W, Molyneux E, Mhango T, Sinfield R, Packer S, et al. (2006). Thalidomide for palliation of Kaposi’s sarcoma in Malawian children (abstract). Adv Dent Res19:168.
69.
Hofer D, Hämmerle CH, Grassi M, Lang NP (2002). Long-term results of supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative patients. J Clin Periodontol29:630–637.
70.
Howell RB, Jandinski JJ, Palumbo P, Shey Z, Houpt MI (1996). Oral soft tissue manifestations and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected children. Pediatr Dent18:117–120.
71.
Husak R, Garbe C, Orfanos CE (1996). Oral hairy leukoplakia in 71 HIV-seropositive patients: clinical symptoms, relation to immunologic status, and prognostic significance. J Am Acad Dermatol35:928–934.
72.
Jorge J, Jorge R, Almeida OP, Scully C (1996). Knowledge of and attitudes about blood-borne viruses and infection control in Brazilian dental practice. Oral Dis2:41–44.
73.
Katz MH, Mastrucci MT, Leggott PJ, Westenhouse J, Greenspan JS, Scott GB (1993). Prognostic significance of oral lesions in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Dis Child147:45–48.
74.
Kerdpon D, Pongsiriwet S, Pangsomboon K, Iamaroon A, Kampoo K, Sretrirutchai S, et al. (2004). Oral manifestations of HIV infection in relation to clinical and CD4 immunological status in northern and southern Thai patients. Oral Dis10:138–144.
75.
King MD, Reznik DA, O’Daniels CM, Larsen NM, Osterholt D, Blumberg HM (2002). Human papillomavirus-associated oral warts among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an emerging infection. Clin Infect Dis34:641–648.
76.
Klein RS, Harris CA, Small CB, Moll B, Lesser M, Friedland GH (1984). Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med311:354–358.
77.
Kozinetz CA, Carter AB, Simon C, Hicks MJ, Rossmann SN, Flaitz CM, et al. (2000). Oral manifestations of pediatric vertical HIV infection. AIDS Patient Care STDs14:89–94.
78.
Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Madhivanan P, Ravikumar B, Thyagarajan SP, Yesudian P (2000). Dermatologic manifestations among human immunodeficiency virus patients in south India. Int J Dermatol39:192–195.
79.
Kunzel C, Sadowsky D (1991). Comparing dentists’ attitudes and knowledge concerning AIDS: differences and similarities by locale. J Am Dent Assoc122:55–61.
80.
Lewis DK, Callaghan M, Phiri K, Chipwete J, Kublin JG, Borgstein E, et al. (2003). Prevalence and indicators of HIV and AIDS among adults admitted to medical and surgical wards in Blantyre, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg97:91–96.
81.
Lifson AR, Hilton JF, Westenhouse JL, Canchola AJ, Samuel MC, Katz MH, et al. (1994). Time from HIV seroconversion to oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia among homosexual and bisexual men enrolled in three prospective cohorts. AIDS8:73–79.
82.
Lindan CP, Allen S, Serufilira A, Lifson AR, Van de Perre P, Chen-Rundle A, et al. (1992). Predictors of mortality among HIV-infected women in Kigali, Rwanda. Ann Intern Med116:320–328.
83.
Lorenz KA, Shapiro MF, Asch SM, Bozzette SA, Hays RD (2001). Associations of symptoms and health-related quality of life: findings from a national study of persons with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med134:854–860.
84.
Lozada-Nur F, de Sanz S, Silverman S Jr, Miranda C, Regezi JA (1996). Intraoral non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod82:173–178.
85.
Madhivanan P, Mothi SN, Kumarasamy N, Yepthomi T, Venkatesan C, Lambert JS, et al. (2003). Clinical manifestations of HIV infected children. Indian J Pediatr70:615–620.
86.
Manji F, Fejerskov O, Baelum V, Luan WM, Chen X (1991). The epidemiological features of dental caries in African and Chinese populations: implications for risk assessment. In: Risk markers for oral diseases. Vol. 1. Dental caries; markers of high and low risk groups and individuals. Johnson NW, editor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 62–99.
87.
Mascarenhas AK, Smith SR (2000). Access and use of specific dental services in HIV disease. J Public Health Dent60:172–181.
88.
Matee M, Nguvumali H, Lembariti B, Kalyanyama B, Shubi F, Scheutz F (1999). HIV infection, dental treatment demands and needs among patients seeking dental services at the Muhimbili Medical Centre in Dares–Salaam, Tanzania. Int Dent J49:153–158.
89.
Matee MI, Scheutz F, Moshy J (2000). Occurrence of oral lesions in relation to clinical and immunological status among HIV-infected adult Tanzanians. Oral Dis6:106–111.
90.
Maupome G, Acosta-Gio E, Borges-Yanez SA, Diez-de-Bonilla FJ (2000). Survey on attitudes toward HIV-infected individuals and infection control practices among dentists in Mexico City. Am J Infect Control28:21–24.
91.
Maupome G, Borges-Yanez SA, Diez-De-Bonilla FJ, Irigoyen-Camacho ME (2002). Attitudes toward HIV-infected individuals and infection control practices among a group of dentists in Mexico City—a 1999 update of the 1992 survey. Am J Infect Control30:8–14.
92.
Mayanja B, Morgan D, Ross A, Whitworth J (1999). The burden of mucocutaneous conditions and the association with HIV-1 infection in a rural community in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health4:349–354.
93.
McCartan BE, Samaranayake LP (1991). Oral care of HIV infected patients: the knowledge and attitudes of Irish dentists. J Ir Dent Assoc37:41–43.
94.
McCarthy GM, Haji FS, Mackie ID (1996). Attitudes and behavior of HIV-infected patients concerning dental care. J Can Dent Assoc62:63–69.
95.
McCarthy GM, Ssali CS, Bednarsh H, Jorge J, Wangrangsimakul K, Page-Shafer K (2002). Transmission of HIV in the dental clinic and elsewhere. Oral Dis8(Suppl 2):126–135.
96.
Miller WC, Thielman NM, Swai N, Cegielski JP, Shao J, Manyenga D, et al. (1995). Diagnosis and screening of HIV/AIDS using clinical criteria in Tanzanian adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol9:408–414.
97.
Moniaci D, Greco D, Flecchia G, Raiteri R, Sinicco A (1990). Epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic value of HIV-1 related oral lesions. J Oral Pathol Med19:477–481.
98.
Moniaci D, Cavallari M, Greco D, Bruatto M, Raiteri R, Palomba E, et al. (1993). Oral lesions in children born to HIV-1 positive women. J Oral Pathol Med22:8–11.
99.
Morfeldt-Manson L, Bottiger B, Nilsson B, von Stedingk LV (1991). Clinical signs and laboratory markers in predicting progression to AIDS in HIV-1 infected patients. Scand J Infect Dis23:443–449.
100.
Munoz-Munoz L, Marin-Castro I, Aznar-Martin T, Dominguez-Reyes A (2002). Necessity for and control of dental treatment in HIV infected children. Inter-professional relationship between dentist and paediatrician. Med Oral7:171–179.
101.
Munoz-Perez MA, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Camacho F, Colmenero MA (1998). Dermatological findings correlated with CD4 lymphocyte counts in a prospective 3 year study of 1161 patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease predominantly acquired through intravenous drug abuse. Br J Dermatol139:33–39.
102.
Naidoo S (1997). Dentists and cross-infection. J Dent Assoc S Afr52:165–167.
103.
Naidoo S, Chikte U (2004). Oro-facial manifestations in paediatric HIV: a comparative study of institutionalized and hospital outpatients. Oral Dis10:13–18.
104.
Nicolatou O, Theodoridou M, Mostrou G, Velegraki A, Legakis NJ (1999). Oral lesions in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Oral Pathol Med28:49–53.
105.
Nicolatou-Galitis O, Velegraki A, Paikos S, Economopoulou P, Stefaniotis T, Papanikolaou IS, et al. (2004). Effect of PI-HAART on the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-I infected patients. A Greek study. Oral Dis10:145–150.
106.
Nittayananta W, Jealae S, Chungpanich S (1997). Oral lesions in Thai heterosexual AIDS patients: a preliminary study. Br Dent J182:219–221.
107.
Nittayananta W, De Rouen TA, Areeratachakaran P, Laothumthut T, Pangsomboon K, Petsantad S, et al. (2004). Chlorhexidine mouth-rinse in maintenance of oral candidiasis-free period among HIV-infected subjects: an intervention study (abstract). Adv Dent Res19:170.
108.
Okunseri C, Badner V, Wiznia A, Rosenberg M (2003a). Prevalence of oral lesions and percent CD4+ T-lymphocytes in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDs17:5–11.
109.
Okunseri C, Badner V, Wiznia A, Rosenberg M (2003b). Dental visits by pediatric HIV-infected medical patients. NY State Dent J69:26–29.
110.
Oliva B, Piccirilli E, Ceddia T, Pontieri E, Aureli P, Ferrini AM (2003). Antimycotic activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its major components. Lett Appl Microbiol37:185–187.
111.
Olweny CL, Borok M, Gudza I, Clinch J, Cheang M, Kiire CF, et al. (2005). Treatment of AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in Zimbabwe: results of a randomized quality of life focused clinical trial. Int J Cancer113:632–639.
112.
Pahwa S, Kaplan M, Fikrig S, Pahwa R, Sarngaddharan MG, Popovic MG, et al. (1986). Spectrum of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection in children. Recognition of symptomatic, asymptomatic and seronegative patients. J Am Med Assoc125:2299–2305.
113.
Patel M, Coogan MM (2006). In vitro antifungal activity of Dodonaea angustifolia, a traditional South African medicinal plant (abstract). Adv Dent Res19:170.
114.
Patton LL, McKaig R, Strauss R, Rogers D, Eron JR (2000). Changing prevalence of oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in the era of protease inhibitor therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod89:299–304.
115.
Patton LL, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ (2002). A systematic review of complication risks for HIV-positive patients undergoing invasive dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc133:195–203.
116.
Patton LL, Strauss RP, McKaig RG, Porter DR, Eron JJ Jr (2003). Perceived oral health status, unmet needs, and barriers to dental care among HIV/AIDS patients in a North Carolina cohort: impacts of race. J Public Health Dent63:86–91.
117.
Plettenberg A, Reisinger E, Lenzner U, Listemann H, Ernst M, Kern P, et al. (1990). Oral candidosis in HIV-infected patients. Prognostic value and correlation with immunological parameters. Mycoses33:421–425.
118.
Prasirst J, Leewatthanakorn T, Piamsawad U, Dejrudee A, Panichayupakaranant P, Teanpaisan R, et al. (2006). Antifungal activity of potassium Lawsone methyl ether mouthwash in comparison with chlorhexidine mouthwash on oral Candida isolated from HIV/AIDS subjects (abstract). Adv Dent Res19:170.
119.
Rabeneck L, Hartigan PM, Huang IW, Souchek J, Wray NP (1997). Predicting outcomes in HIV-infected veterans: II. Survival after AIDS. J Clin Epidemiol50:1241–1248.
120.
Ramírez-Amador VA, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Ponce de Leon S (1996). Prognostic value of oral candidosis and hairy leukoplakia in 111 Mexican HIV-infected patients. J Oral Pathol Med25:206–211.
121.
Ramírez-Amador V, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Sierra-Madero J, Anaya-Saavedra G, Gonzalez-Ramirez I, Ponce de Leon S (2003). The changing clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related oral lesions in 1000 consecutive patients: a 12-year study in a referral center in Mexico. Medicine (Baltimore)82:39–50.
122.
Ramos-Gomez FJ, Hilton JF, Canchola AJ, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS, Maldonado YA (1996). Risk factors for HIV-related orofacial soft-tissue manifestations in children. Pediatr Dent18:121–126.
123.
Ramos-Gomez FJ, Flaitz C, Catapano P, Murray P, Milnes AR, Dorenbaum A (1999). Classification, diagnostic criteria, and treatment recommendations for orofacial manifestations in HIV-infected pediatric patients. Collaborative Workgroup on Oral Manifestations of Pediatric HIV Infection. J Clin Pediatr Dent23:85–96.
124.
Ramos-Gomez FJ, Petru A, Hilton JF, Canchola AJ, Wara D, Greenspan JS (2000). Oral manifestations and dental status in paediatric HIV infection. Int J Paediatr Dent10:3–11.
125.
Ramos-Gomez F, Jue B, Bonta CY (2002). Implementing an infant oral care program. J CA Dent Assoc30:752–761.
126.
Ranganathan K, Reddy BV, Kumarasamy N, Soloman S, Viswanathan R, Johnson NW (2000). Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 300 south Indian patients. Oral Dis6:152–157.
127.
Ranganathan K, Umadevi M, Saraswathi TR, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Johnson N (2004). Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 1000 South Indian patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore33(4 Suppl):37–42.
128.
Ravina A, Ficarra G, Chiodo M, Mazzetti M, Romagnani S (1996). Relationship of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes and p24 antigenemia to the risk of developing AIDS in HIV-infected subjects with oral hairy leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol Med25:108–111.
129.
Reichart PA, Khongkhunthian P, Bendick C (2003). Oral manifestations in HIV-infected individuals from Thailand and Cambodia. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl)192:157–160.
130.
Robinson P, Zakrzewska JM, Maini M, Williamson D, Croucher R (1994). Dental visiting behaviour and experiences of men with HIV. Br Dent J176:175–179.
131.
Robinson PG, Challacombe SJ, Sheiham A (1998). Oral examination: a screening tool for HIV infection? Sex Transm Infect74:345–348.
132.
Rogers VC (1995). Dedicated clinics for HIV-infected people: separate but equal? In: Oral manifestations of HIV infection. Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, editors. Chicago: Quintessence, pp. 324–329.
133.
Santos LC, Castro GF, de Souza IP, Oliveira RH (2001). Oral manifestations related to immunosuppression degree in HIV-positive children. Braz Dent J12:135–138.
134.
Scheutz F (1990). HIV infection and dental care: views and experiences among HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS Care2:37–42.
135.
Scheutz F, Langebaek J (1995). Dental care of infectious patients in Denmark, 1986–1993: theoretical considerations and empirical findings. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol23:226–231.
136.
Schiødt M, Bakilana PB, Hiza JF, Shao JF, Bygbjerg IB, Mbaga I, et al. (1990). Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia correlate with HIV infection in Tanzania. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol69:591–596.
137.
Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Priepke F, Bergmann FJ, Reichart PA (2000). Decline in the rate of oral opportunistic infections following introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Oral Pathol Med29:336–341.
138.
Schuman P, Ohmit SE, Sobel JD, Mayer KH, Greene V, Rompalo A, et al. (1998). Oral lesions among women living with or at risk for HIV infection. HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) Group. Am J Med104:559–564.
139.
Seacat JP, Inglehart MR (2003). Education about treating patients with HIV infections/AIDS: the student perspective. J Dent Educ67:630–640.
140.
Shangase L, Feller L, Blignaut E (2004). Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis as indicators of HIV-infection. S Afr Dent J59:105–108.
141.
Shiboski CH (2002). HIV-related oral disease epidemiology among women: year 2000 update. Oral Dis8(Suppl 2):44–48.
142.
Shiboski CH, Hilton JF, Greenspan D, Westenhouse JL, Derish P, Vranizan K, et al. (1994). HIV related oral manifestations in two cohorts of women in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr7:964–971.
143.
Shiboski CH, Neuhaus JM, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS (1999). Effect of receptive oral sex and smoking on the incidence of hairy leukoplakia in HIV-positive gay men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr21:236–242.
144.
Shirlaw PJ, Chikte U, MacPhail L, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Croser D, Reichart P (2002). Oral and dental care and treatment protocols for the management of HIV-infected patients. Oral Dis8(Suppl 2):136–143.
145.
Simon C, Tabrizi SA (1967). [On the in vitro sensitivity of Candida albicans to nystatin, trichomycin, amphotericin B and gentian violet.]Med Welt37:2164–2168 [article in German].
146.
Sposto MR, Goncalves F, Ferracioli A, Porter SR, Afonso W, el-Maaytah M, et al. (1994). Willingness of Brazilian dentists to treat an HIV-infected patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol78:175–177.
147.
Squassi A, Khaszki C, Blanco B, Schnaiderman M, Scholnik L, Bonazzi M, et al. (1998). Relation between demographic and epidemiological characteristics and permanency under a dental health care program for HIV infected patients. Acta Odontol Latinoam11:3–13.
148.
Tappuni A, Fleming GJ (2001). The effect of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV-infected patients: a UK study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod92:623–628.
149.
Terry SD, Jones JE, Brown RH (1994). Dental-care experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS in Aotearoa New Zealand. NZ Dent J90:49–55.
150.
Tovo PA, de Martino M, Gabiano C, Cappello N, D’Elia R, Loy A, et al. (1992). Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV 1 infection. The Italian Register for HIV Infections in Children. Lancet339:1249–1253.
151.
Tulpule A, Groopman J, Saville MW, Harrington W Jr, Friedman-Kien A, Espina BM, et al. (2002). Multicenter trial of low-dose paclitaxel in patients with advanced AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer95:147–154.
152.
van Palenstein Helderman WH, Mikx FH (2002). Priorities in oral health care in non-EME countries. Int Dent J52:30–34.
153.
van Palenstein Helderman W, Mikx F, Begum A, Adyatmaka A, Bajracharya M, Kikwilu E, et al. (1999). Integrating oral health into primary health care—experiences in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal and Tanzania. Int Dent J49:240–248.
154.
van Palenstein Helderman W, Lo E, Holmgren C (2003). Guidance for the planning, implementation and evaluation of oral health care demonstration projects for under-served populations. Int Dent J53:19–25.
155.
Vazquez JA, Zawawi AA (2002). Efficacy of alcohol-based and alcohol-free melaleuca oral solution for the treatment of fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. HIV Clin Trials3:379–385.
156.
Verrusio AC, Neidle EA, Nash KD, Silverman S Jr, Horowitz AM, Wagner KS (1989). The dentist and infectious diseases: a national survey of attitudes and behavior. J Am Dent Assoc118:553–562.
157.
Wananukul S, Deekajorndech T, Panchareon C, Thisyakorn U (2003). Mucocutaneous findings in pediatric AIDS related to degree of immunosuppression. Pediatr Dermatol20:289–294.
158.
Weintraub JA (1998). Uses of oral health related quality of life measures in public health. Community Dent Health15:8–12.
159.
Westaway MS, Viljoen E, Rudolph MJ (1999). Utilisation of oral health services, oral health needs and oral health status in a peri-urban informal settlement. S Afr Dent J54:149–152.
160.
WHO (1998). Oral health care strategy for the African region: 1999–2008, AFR/RC/48/9, 5 March 1998. Dakar: WHO Regional Committee for Africa.
161.
Wilson NH, Burke FJ, Cheung SW (1995). Factors associated with dentists’ willingness to treat high-risk patients. Br Dent J178:145–148.
162.
Zabos GP, Trinh C (2001). Bringing the mountain to Mohammed: a mobile dental team serves a community-based program for people with HIV/AIDS. J Public Health91:1187–1189.
