While bone healing occurs around implants, the extent to which this differs from healing at sites without implants remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that an implant surface may affect the early stages of healing. In a new mouse model, we made cellular and molecular evaluations of healing at bone-implant interfaces vs. empty cortical defects. We assessed healing around Ti-6Al-4V, poly(L-lactide-co-D,L,-lactide), and 303 stainless steel implants with surface characteristics comparable with those of commercial implants. Our qualitative cellular and molecular evaluations showed that osteoblast differentiation and new bone deposition began sooner around the implants, suggesting that the implant surface and microenvironment around implants favored osteogenesis. The general stages of healing in this mouse model resembled those in larger animal models, and supported the use of this new model as a test bed for studying cellular and molecular responses to biomaterial and biomechanical conditions.
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