The ability of pro-inflammatory cytokines to promote coagulation prompted the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by oral streptococci might play a role in the pathogenesis of viridans endocarditis. We used supernatant fluids from peripheral blood mononuclear monocyte (PBMC) cultures, stimulated for just 4–6 hrs with representative streptococcal isolates, to study cytokines that promoted endothelial tissue factor (TF) activity. Neutralizing antibodies demonstrated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was a major early endothelial TF inducer, and that recombinant IL-1β was comparable with the supernatant fluid in activity. IL-1β-rich supernatant fluids from oral streptococci-stimulated or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PBMC cultures up-regulated the expression of endothelial ICAM-1 and E-selectin. These molecules could help trap TF-producing monocytes or dendritic cells bearing streptococci at the site. Thus, the rapid IL-1β-inducing capacity of oral streptococci could facilitate the early deposition of bacteria in fibrin clots and promote endocarditis.
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