It is essential that every health care professional who is involved with the prescription or recommendation of drugs be fully aware of any resultant disorders that may arise as a side-effect. A range of drugs can affect the teeth. In this review article, drugs that have the potential to induce changes in teeth have been classified as those leading to tooth discoloration (intrinsic and extrinsic), physical damage to tooth structure (enamel, dentin, and cementum), and alteration in tooth sensitivity.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abou-Rass M -1998-. Long-term prognosis of intentional endodontics and internal bleaching of tetracycline stained teeth. Compend Contin Educ Dent19:1034–1044.
2.
Addy M, Roberts WR -1981-. Comparison of the bisguanide antiseptics alexidine and chlorhexidine. J Clin Periodontol8:220–230.
3.
Addy M, Prayitno S, Taylor L, Cadogan S -1979-. An in vitro study of the role of dietary factors in the aetiology of tooth staining associated with the use of chlorhexidine. J Periodontal Res14:403–410.
4.
Addy M, Mahdavi SA, Loyn T -1995-. Dietary staining in vitro by mouthrinses as a comparative measure of antiseptic activity and predictor of staining in vivo. J Dent23:95–99.
5.
Al-Nazhan S -1991-. External root resorption after bleaching: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol72:607–609.
6.
Alpaslan G, Alpaslan C, Gogen H, Oguz A, Cetiner S, Karadeniz C -1999-. Disturbances in oral and dental structures in patients with pediatric lymphoma after chemotherapy: a preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod87:317–332.
7.
Anitua E, Zabalegui B, Gil J, Gascon F -1990-. Internal bleaching of severe tetracycline discolourations: four-year clinical evaluation. Quintessence Int21:783–788.
8.
Baratieri LN, Ritter AV, Monteiro S, de Andrada MAC, Vieira LCC -1995-. Nonvital tooth bleaching: guidelines for the clinician. Quintessence Int26:597–608.
9.
Bartlett DW, Smith BG -1998-. Etiology and management of tooth wear: the association of drugs and medicaments. Drugs Today -Barc-34:231–239.
10.
Berger RS, Mandel EB, Hayes TJ, Grimwood RR -1989-. Minocycline staining of the oral cavity. J Am Acad Dermatol21:1300–1301.
11.
Billings RJ, Berkowitz RJ, Watson G -2004-. Teeth. Pediatrics113-4 Suppl-:1120–1127.
12.
Bowles WH -1998-. Protection against minocycline pigment formation by ascorbic acid -vitamin C-. J Esthet Dent100:182–186.
13.
Bowles WH, Bokmeyer TJ -1997-. Staining of adult teeth by minocycline: binding of minocycline by specific proteins. J Esthet Dent9:30–34.
14.
Cale AE, Freedman PD, Lumerman H -1988-. Pigmentation of the jawbones and teeth secondary to minocycline hydrochloride therapy. J Periodontol59:112–114.
15.
Cheek CC, Heymann HO -1999-. Dental and oral discolorations associated with minocycline and other tetracycline analogs. J Esthet Dent11:43–48.
16.
Chng HK, Palamara JEA, Messer HH -2002-. Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on mechanical properties of human dentin. J Endod28:62–67.
17.
Cohen SC, Chase C -1979-. Human pulpal responses to bleaching procedures on vital teeth. J Endod5:134–138.
18.
Cvek M, Lindvall AM -1985-. External root resorption following bleaching of pulpless teeth with oxygen peroxide. Endo Dent Traumatol1:56–60.
19.
Dahl JE, Pallesen U -2003-. Tooth bleaching—a critical review of the biological aspects. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med14:292–304.
20.
Dahllöf G, Rozell B, Forsberg CM, Borgstrom B -1994-. Histologic changes in dental morphology by high dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol77:56–60.
21.
de Wit ME, Stricker BH, Porsius AJ -1996-. [Discoloration of teeth by drugs]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd103:3–5 [in Dutch].
22.
Dean HT -1942-. The investigation of physiological effects by epidemiological method. In: Fluoride and dental health. Moulton FR, editor. Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 23–31.
23.
DenBesten PK -1999-. Mechanism and timing of fluoride effects on developing enamel. J Public Health Dent59:247–251.
24.
Dental Practitioners’ Formulary 2002–2004. D9.
25.
Dodd MA, Dole EJ, Troutman WG, Bennahum DA -1998-. Minocycline-associated tooth staining. Ann Pharmacother32:887–889.
26.
Driscoll MA, Rothe MJ, Abrahamian L, Grant-Kels JM -1993-. Long-term antibiotics for acne: is laboratory monitoring necessary? J Am Acad Dermatol28:595–602.
27.
Durr DP, Adair SM, Novak EV -1987-. Dental abnormalities associated with the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease in a young patient. J Pedod12:98–104.
28.
Eklund SA, Burt BA, Ismail AI, Calderone JJ -1987-. High-fluoride drinking water, fluorosis, and dental caries in adults. J Am Dent Assoc114:324–328.
29.
Fejerskov O, Stephen KW, Richards A, Speirs R -1987-. Combined effect of systemic and topical fluoride treatments on human deciduous teeth—case studies. Caries Res21:452–459.
30.
Fejerskov O, Manji F, Baelum V -1990-. The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res69:692–700.
31.
Friedman S, Rotstein I, Libfelt H, Stabholz A, Heling I -1988-. Incidence of external root resorption and esthetic results in 58 bleached pulpless teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol4:23–26.
32.
Garcia-Lopez M, Martinez-Blanco M, Martinez-Mir I, Palop V -2001-. Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid-related tooth discoloration in children -case report-. Pediatrics108:819.
Gimlin DR, Schindler WG -1990-. The management of postbleaching cervical resorption. J Endod16:292–297.
36.
Grobler SR, van Wyk CW, Kotze D -1986-. Relationship between enamel fluoride levels, degree of fluorosis and caries experience in communities with a nearly optimal and a high fluoride level and in the drinking water. Caries Res20:284–288.
37.
Guggenheimer J -1984-. Tetracyclines and the human dentition. Compend Contin Ed Dent5:245–254.
38.
Harrington CV, Natkin E -1979-. External resorption associated with bleaching of pulpless teeth. J Endod5:344–348.
39.
Haywood VB, Leonard RH, Nelson CF, Brunson WD -1994-. Effectiveness, side effects and long term status of nightguard vital bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc125:1219–1226.
40.
Hiller KA, Wilfart G, Schmalz G -1998-. Developmental enamel defects in children with different fluoride supplementation—a follow-up study. Caries Res32:405–411.
41.
Holmstrup G, Palm AM, Lambjerg-Hansen H -1988-. Bleaching of discoloured root-filled teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol4:197–201.
42.
Howell RA -1980-. Bleaching discoloured root-filled teeth. Br Dent J148:159–162.
43.
Hubbell CG, Hobbs ER, Rist T, White JW Jr -1982-. Efficacy of minocycline compared with tetracycline in treatment of acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol11:989–992.
44.
Jaffe N, Toth BB, Hoar RE, Ried HL, Sullivan MP, McNeese MD -1984-. Dental and maxillofacial abnormalities in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: effects of treatment with chemotherapy and radiation to the head and neck. Pediatrics73:816–823.
45.
Jensen J -1977-. Binding of dyes to chlorhexidine treated hydroxyapatite. Scand J Dent Res85:334–340.
46.
Jensen J -1978-. Binding of dyes to hydroxyapatite treated with cetyl pyridinium chloride or cetrimonium bromide. Scand J Dent Res86:87–91.
47.
Kaste SC, Hopkins KP, Jones D, Crom D, Greenwald CA, Santana VM -1997-. Dental abnormalities in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia11:792–796.
48.
Kim ST, Abbott PV, McGinley P -2000-. The effects of Ledermix paste on discolouration of immature teeth. Int Endod J33:233–237.
49.
Klein H -1972-. Dental caries inhibition by fluorine—the historical perspective. J Irish Dent Assoc18:9–21.
50.
Lado EA, Stanley HR, Weisman MI -1983-. Cervical resorption in bleached teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol55:78–80.
Latcham NL -1991-. Management of a patient with severe postbleaching cervical resorption. A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent65:603–605.
53.
Leonard RH, Haywood VB, Phillips C -1997-. Risk factors for developing tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation associated with nightguard vital bleaching. Quintessence Int28:527–534.
54.
Lewinstein I, Hirschfeld Z, Stabholz A, Rotstein I -1994-. Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on the microhardness of human enamel and dentin. J Endod20:61–63.
55.
Lumbiganon P, Pengsaa K, Sookpranee T -1991-. Ciprofloxacin in neonates and its possible adverse effect on the teeth. Pediatr Infect Dis J10:619–620.
56.
Mackie IC, Bentley E -1994-. Sugar-containing or sugar-free paediatric medicines: does it really matter? Dent Update21-5-:192–194.
57.
Mathew T, Casamassimo PS, Hayes JR -2002-. Relationship between sports drinks and dental erosion in 304 university athletes in Columbus, Ohio, USA. Caries Res36:281–287.
58.
Matson KL, Miller SE -2003-. Tooth discoloration after treatment with linezolid. Pharmacotherapy23:682–685.
59.
McClure FJ -1970-. Water fluoridation: the search and the victory. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institutes of Health.
60.
McCracken M, O’Neal SJ -2000-. Dental erosion and aspirin headache powders: a clinical report. J Prosthodont9:95–98.
61.
McKenna BE, Lamey PJ, Kennedy JG, Bateson J -1999-. Minocycline-induced staining of the adult permanent dentition: a review of the literature and report of a case. Dent Update26:160–162.
62.
Meyboom RH, Verduijn MM, Steenvoorden MG, Dekens-Konter JA, van Puijenbroek EP -1996-. [Reversible tooth discoloration during oral use of antibiotics]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd140:207–209 [in Dutch].
63.
Mok TB, McIntyre J, Hunt D -2001-. Dental erosion: in vitro model of wine assessor’s erosion. Aust Dent J46:263–268.
64.
Moran J, Pal D, Newcombe R, Addy M -1991-. Comparison of phenolic and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash products on the development of plaque and gingivitis. Clin Prev Dent13:31–34.
65.
Nathanson D, Parra C -1987-. Bleaching vital teeth—a review and clinical study. Compend Contin Educ Dent8:490–498.
66.
Nunn JH, Welbury RR, Gordon PH, Kernahan J, Craft AW -1991-. Dental caries and anomalies in children treated by chemotherapy for malignant disease: a study in the north of England. Int J Paediatr Dent1:131–135.
67.
O’Sullivan EA, Curzon MEJ -1998-. Drug treatments for asthma may cause erosive tooth damage -case report-. BMJ317:820.
68.
Olsen CA, Riley HD Jr -1966-. Complications of tetracycline therapy. J Pediatr68:783–791.
69.
Orup HI Jr, Keith DA, Holmes LB -1998-. Prenatal anticonvulsant drug exposure: teratogenic effect on the dentition. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol18:129–137.
70.
Pajari U, Lanning M, Larmas M -1988-. Prevalence and location of enamel opacities in children after antineoplastic therapy. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol16:222–226.
71.
Poliak SC, DiGiovanna JJ, Gross EG -1985-. Minocycline-associated tooth discolouration in young adults. J Am Med Assoc254:2930–2932.
72.
Pontefract H, Hughes J, Kemp K, Yates R, Newcombe RG, Addy M -2001-. The erosive effect of some mouthrinses on enamel. A study in situ. J Clin Periodontol28:319–324.
73.
Pontefract H, Courtney M, Smith S, Newcombe RG, Addy M -2004-. Development of methods to enhance extrinsic tooth discoloration for comparison of toothpastes. 2. Two-product clinical study. J Clin Periodontol31-7-:7–11.
74.
Prayitno S, Addy M -1979-. An in vitro study of factors affecting the development of tooth staining associated with the use of chlorhexidine. J Periodontal Res14:397–402.
75.
Pretty IA, Edgar WM, Higham SM -2003-. The erosive potential of commercially available mouthrinses on enamel as measured by quantitative light-induced fluorescence -QLF-. J Dent31:313–319.
76.
Rebora A -2002-. The management of rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol3:489–496.
77.
Robinson PB, Rowe DJ, Harris M -1978-. The effects of diphenylhydantoin and vitamin D deficiency on developing teeth in the rat. Arch Oral Biol23:137–143.
78.
Robinson PB, Harris M, Harvey W -1983-. Abnormal skeletal and dental growth in epileptic children. B Dent J154:9–13.
79.
Rosen T, Hoffman TJ -1989-. Minocycline-induced discolouration of the permanent teeth -case report-. J Am Acad Dermatol21:569.
80.
Rosenberg SW, Kolodney H, Wong GY, Murphy ML -1987-. Altered dental root development in long-term survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A review of 17 cases. Cancer59:1640–1648.
81.
Schulte JR, Morrissette DB, Gasior EJ, Czajewski MV -1994-. The effects of bleaching application time on the dental pulp. J Am Dent Assoc125:1330–1335.
82.
Scully C -2003-. Drug effects on salivary glands; dry mouth. Oral Dis9:165–176.
83.
Scully C, Bagan JV -2004-. Adverse drug reactions in the orofacial region. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med15:221–239.
84.
Seymour RA, Heasman PA -1995-. Pharmacologic control of periodontal disease. II. Antimicrobial agents. J Dent23:5–14.
85.
Tam L -1999a-. Clinical trial of three 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products. J Can Dent Assoc65:201–205.
86.
Tam L -1999b-. The safety of home bleaching techniques. J Can Dent Assoc65:453–455.
87.
Tilley BS, Alarcon GS, Heyse SP -1995-. Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med122:81–89.
88.
Wallman IS, Hilton HB -1962-. Teeth pigmentation by tetracycline. LancetI:827–829.
89.
Westbury LW, Najera A -1997-. Minocycline-induced intraoral pharmacogenic pigmentation: case reports and review of the literature. J Periodontol68:84–91.
90.
Wolfe ID, Reichmeister J -1984-. Minocycline hyperpigmentation: skin, tooth, nail, and bone involvement. Cutis33:457–458.