In vitro Estrogenicity of Resin Composites

Abstract

Previously, we have reported that sealants incorporating bisphenol A dimethacrylate showed estrogenicity by a reporter gene assay. This study tested the hypothesis that commercial composites, which contain various monomers and additives, exhibit estrogenic activity in vitro. The estrogenic activities of eluates obtained from 24 composites and 18 chemicals identified from the composites tested were examined with the use of the reporter gene assay. Among the 24 composites, 6 products were estrogenic, and among the 18 constituents, 1 photostabilizer, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone (HMBP), 1 photoinitiator, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone (DMPA), and 1 inhibitor, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) had significant estrogenic activity. The concentration of HMBP in 4 estrogenic eluates was greater than the minimum concentration required for estrogenicity, and DMPA was found at a higher level than the minimum estrogenic concentration in the remaining 2 estrogenic specimens. These results suggest that the observed estrogenic activity of 6 composites is associated with the elution of either HMBP or DMPA.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Arenholt-Bindslev D, Breinholt V, Preiss A, Schmalz G -1999-. Time-related bisphenol-A content and estrogenic activity in saliva samples collected in relation to placement of fissure sealants. Clin Oral Investig 3:120–125.

Baker VA -2001-. Endocrine disrupters—testing strategies to assess human hazard. Toxicol In Vitro 15:413–419.

Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP -1996-. Our stolen future. New York: Dutton.

Daston GP, Gettings SD, Carlton BD, Chudkowski M, Davis RA, Krauz AL, et al. -1993-. Assessment of the reproductive toxic potential of dermally applied 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone to male B6C3F1 mice. Fund Appl Toxicol 20:120–124.

Geurtsen W -2000-. Biocompatibility of resin-modified filling materials. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11:333–355.

Gray LE Jr, Kelce WR, Wiese T, Tyl R, Gaido K, Cook J, et al. -1997-. Endocrine Screening Methods Workshop report: detection of estrogenic and androgenic hormonal and antihormonal activity for chemicals that act via receptor or steroidogenic enzyme mechanisms. Reprod Toxicol 11:719–750.

Ireland JS, Mukku VR, Robison AK, Stancel GM -1980-. Stimulation of uterine deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by 1,1,1-trichloro-2--p-chlorophenyl--2--o-chlorophenyl-ethane -o,p′-DDT-. Biochem Pharmacol 29:1469–1474.

Japan Environment Agency -1998-. Strategic programs on environmental endocrine disruptors ’98. Tokyo: Japan Environment Agency -http://www.eic.or.jp-.

Lewerenz HJ, Lewerenz G, Plass R -1972-. Toxicology of UV-absorber MOB. Nahrung 16:133–134.

10.

Nakajima K, Kusafuka T, Takeda T, Fujitani Y, Nakae K, Hirano T -1993-. Identification of a novel interleukin-6 response element containing an Ets-binding site and a CRE-like site in the junB promoter. Mol Cell Biol 13:3027–3041.

11.

Nishikawa J, Saito K, Goto J, Dakeyama F, Matsuo M, Nishihara T -1999-. New screening methods for chemicals with hormonal activities using interaction of nuclear hormone receptor with coactivator. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 154:76–83.

12.

Schlumpf M, Cotton B, Conscience M, Haller V, Steinmann B, Lichtensteiger W -2001-. In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environ Health Perspect 109:239–244.

13.

Soto AM, Sonnenschein C, Chung KL, Fernandez MF, Olea N, Serrano FO -1995-. The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 103:113–122.

14.

Spahl W, Budzikiewicz H, Geurtsen W -1998-. Determination of leachable components from four commercial dental composites by gas and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Dent 26:137–145.

15.

Tarumi H, Imazato S, Narimatsu M, Matsuo M, Ebisu S -2000-. Estrogenicity of fissure sealants and adhesive resins determined by reporter gene assay. J Dent Res 79:1838–1843.