The spiritual health of adolescents is recognized as being a topic of profound importance, yet little is known about the relationship between spiritual health and its broader impacts on the health of adolescents. This knowledge is necessary if we are to provide adequate spiritual health care to this population. In this article, we present the results of analyses involving a multi-dimensional scale for spiritual health that was adapted for use within adolescent populations.
AllenJ. M.CoyD. R. (2004) Linking spirituality and violence prevention in school counseling. Professional School Counseling7(5): 351–355.
2.
AndreescuA. (2011) Rethinking prayer and health research: An exploratory inquiry on prayer's psychological dimension. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies30(1–2): 23–47.
3.
BalkD. E. (1999) Bereavement and spiritual change. Death Studies23(6): 485–493.
4.
BangertK. (2014) Religion, spirituality, and child well-being. In: Ben-AriehA.CasasF.FrønesI. (eds) Handbook of Child Well-Being: Theories, Methods and Policies in Global Perspective, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 1171–1207.
5.
BiegelG. M.BrownK. W.ShapiroS. L. (2009) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology77(5): 855–866.
6.
BigelowB.SwineheartT. (2014) A People's Curriculum for the Earth: Teaching Climate Change and the Environmental Crisis, Milwaukee, WI: Rethinking Schools.
7.
BoneJ.CullenJ.LoveridgeJ. (2007) Everyday spirituality: An aspect of the holistic curriculum in action. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood8(4): 344–354.
8.
ButterworthG.HarrisM. (2014) Principles of Developmental Psychology, New York, NY: Psychology Press.
9.
ChodorowN. (1978) The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10.
CromptonM. (1999) Children, spirituality and religion. In: MilnterP.CarolinB. (eds) Time to Listen to Children: Personal and Professional Communication, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 79–93.
11.
DamonW.MenonJ.BronkK. (2003) The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Sciences7(3): 119–127.
12.
DurieM. (2004) An indigenous model of health promotion. Health Promotion Journal of Australia15(3): 181–185.
13.
EcclesJ.WigfieldA.HaroldR. D.BlumenfeldP. (1993) Age and gender differences in children's self and task perceptions during elementary school. Child Development64(3): 830–847.
14.
ElgarF. J.TritesS. J.BoyceW. (2010) Social capital reduces socio-economic differences in child health: Evidence from the Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. Canadian Journal of Public Health101(Supplement 3): S23–S27.
15.
ElkindD. (2001) The Hurried Child: Growing Up Too Fast Too Soon, Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
16.
EriksonE. H. (1994) Identity: Youth and Crisis, New York, NY: WW Norton.
17.
FabricatoreA. N.HandalP. J.FenzelM. L. (2000) Personal spirituality as a moderator of the relationship between stressors and subjective well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology28(3): 221–228.
18.
FaggL. W. (2003) Are there intimations of the divine transcendence in the physical world?Zygon38(3): 559–572.
19.
FeudtnerC.HaneyJ.DimmersM. A. (2003) Spiritual care needs of hospitalized children and their families: A national survey of pastoral care providers' perceptions. Pediatrics111(1): e67–e72.
20.
FisherJ. W. (1999) Developing a spiritual health and life-orientation measure for secondary school students. In: RyanJ.WittwerV.BairdD. (eds) Research With a Regional/Rural Focus: Proceedings of the University of Ballarat Inaugural Annual Conference, Ballarat, Australia: University of Ballarat, Research and Graduate Studies Office, pp. 57–63.
21.
FisherJ. W. (2011) The four domains model: Connecting spirituality, health and well-being. Religions2(1): 17–28.
22.
FisherJ. W.FrancisL. J.JohnsonP. (2000) Assessing spiritual health via four domains of spiritual wellbeing: The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology49(2): 133–145.
23.
FlannellyK. J.WeaverA. J.LarsonD. B. (2002) A review of mortality research on clergy and other religious professionals. Journal of Religion and Health41(1): 57–68.
24.
FortuneM. M. (2005) Sexual Violence: The Sin Revisited, Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press.
25.
FowlerJ.DellM. L. (2006) Stages of faith from infancy through adolescence: Reflections on three decades of faith development theory. In: RoehlkepartainE. C.KingP. E.WagenerL. (eds) The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, pp. 34–46.
26.
FreemanJ. G. (2011) Mental health. In: FreemanJ. G.M. KingM.PickettW. (eds) The Health of Canada's Young People: A Mental Health Focus, Ottawa, Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada, pp. 11–28.
27.
FreemanJ. G.CoeH.KingM. (2014) Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: Trends Report 1990–2010, Ottawa, Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada.
28.
GabarinoJ. (1999) Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
29.
Gilligan C. (1977). In a different voice: Women's conceptions of self and of morality. Harvard Educational Review, 47(4), 481–517.
30.
GrayP. (2011) The decline of play and the rise of psychopathology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Play3(4): 443–463.
31.
GrossmanP.NiemannL.SchmidtS. (2004) Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research57(1): 35–43.
32.
HartD.SchneiderD. (1997) Spiritual care and cancer. Seminars in Oncology Nursing13(4): 263–270.
33.
HayD.NyeR. (1998) The Spirit of The Child, London, UK: Fount Paperbacks.
34.
HolderM.ColemanB.WallaceJ. (2008) Spirituality, religiousness, and happiness in children aged 8–12 years. Journal of Happiness Studies11(2): 131–150.
35.
Hughes P. (2013). A new day for religion in Canada and Australia? Pointers: Bulletin of the Christian Research Association. 23(1), 5–6.
36.
JacksonS.CsikszentmihalyiM. (1999) Flow in Sports: The Keys to Optimal Experiences and Performances, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
37.
JacobsJ. E.LanzaS.OsgoodD. W.EcclesJ.WigfieldA. (2002) Changes in children's self-competence and values: Gender and domain differences across grades one through twelve. Child Development73(2): 509–527.
JohnsonE. A. (1992) She Who Is: The Mystery of God in Feminist Theological Discourse, New York, NY: The Crossroad Publishing Company.
40.
JordanJ.WalkerM.HartlingL. M. (2004) The Complexity of Connection: Writings From the Stone Center's Jean Baker Miller Institute, New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
41.
KingP. E.BensonP. L. (2006) Spirituality development and adolescent well-being and thriving. In: RoehlkepartainE. C.KingP. E.WagenerL. (eds) The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, pp. 384–398.
42.
LevinJ. (1994) Religion and health: Is there an association, is it valid, and is it casual?Social Science & Medicine38(11): 1475–1482.
43.
LevineM. (2006) The Price of Privilege: How Parental Pressure and Material Advantage Are Creating a Generation of Disconnected and Unhappy Kids, New York, NY: Harper Collins.
44.
LevineM. (2012) Teach Your Children Well: Parenting for Authentic Success, New York, NY: Harper Collins.
45.
LouvR. (2005) Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder, New York, NY: Algonquin Books.
46.
LouvR. (2012) The Nature Principle: Reconnecting With Life in a Virtual Age, New York, NY: Algonquin Books.
47.
Luo LuR. G. (2004) Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented social well being. Journal of Happiness Studies5(3): 269–291.
48.
McFagueS. (1997) Super, Natural Christians: How We Should Love Nature, Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress.
49.
MillerJ. P.NakagawaY. (2002) Nurturing Our Wholeness: Perspectives on Spirituality in Education, Brandon, VT: The Foundation for Educational Renewal.
50.
MuellerP. S. (2004) Religious involvement, spirituality and medicine: Subject review and implications for clinical practice: An evidence-based approach. In: OkenB. S. (ed.) Complementary Therapies in Neurology: An Evidence-Based Approach, New York, NY: The Parthenon Publishing Group, pp. 223–246.
51.
MunschR. (1989) Giant, or Waiting for the Thursday Boat, Toronto, Canada: Annick Press.
52.
OjalaM. (2012) Regulating worry, promoting hope: How do children, adolescents, and young adults cope with climate change?International Journal of Environmental and Science Education7(4): 537–561.
53.
OjalaM. (2013) Coping with climate change among adolescents: Implications for subjective well-being and environmental engagement. Sustainability5(5): 2191–2209.
54.
OtakeK.ShimaiS.Tanaka-MatsumiJ. (2006) Happy people become happier through kindness: A counting kindness intervention. Journal of Happiness Studies7(3): 361–375.
55.
PalmerP. J. (1998) The Courage to Teach: Exploring the Inner Landscape of a Teachers Life, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
56.
PalmerP. J. (2009) A Hidden Wholeness: The Journey Toward an Undivided Life, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
57.
PargamentK. I. (2013) Searching for the sacred: Toward a non-reductionist theory of spirituality. In: PargamentK. I.ExlineJ. J.JonesJ. (eds) APA Handbook in Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, Volume 1: Context, Theory, and Research, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 257–274.
58.
PeaR.NassC.MeheulaL.RanceM.KumarA.BamfordH.ZhouM. (2012) Media use, face-to-face communication, media multitasking, and social well-being among 8 to 12 year-old girls. Developmental Psychology48(2): 327–336.
59.
PeaceT. G. M. (2009) Journeying by canoe: Reflections on the canoe and spirituality. Leisure/Loisir33(1): 218–219.
60.
PendletonS.CavalliK.PargamentK.NasrS. (2002) Religious/spiritual coping in childhood cystic fibrosis: A qualitative study. Pediatrics109(1): 1–11.
PiagetJ. (1972) Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development15(1): 1–12.
63.
PiperL.SandlosJ. (2007) A broken frontier: Ecological imperialism in the Canadian North. Environmental History12(4): 759–795. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25473161 (accessed 14 November 2016).
64.
PiperM. (1994) Reviving Ophelia: Saving The Selves of Adolescent Girls, New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
65.
PostS. G. (2005) Altruism, happiness, and health: It's good to be good. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine12(2): 66–77.
66.
PostmanN. (1986) Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, New York, NY: Penguin Books.
67.
RiveraM. (2007) The Touch of Transcendence: A Postcolonial Theology of God, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
68.
SaivingV. (1960) The human situation: A feminine view. Journal of Religion40(2): 100–112.
69.
ScholteR. H. J.Van AkenM. A. G. (2006) Peer relations in adolescence. In: JacksonS.GoossensL. (eds) Handbook of Adolescent Development, New York, NY: Psychology Press, pp. 175–199.
70.
SeyboldK. S.HillP. C. (2001) The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science10(1): 21–24.
71.
ShoninE.Van GordonW. V.GriffithsM. D. (2012) The health benefits of mindfulness-based interventions for children and adolescents. Education and Health30(4): 95–98. Available at: http://sheu.org.uk/x/eh304mg.pdf (accessed 14 November 2016).
72.
SimkinD. R.BlackN. B. (2014) Meditation and mindfulness in clinical practice. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics in North America23(3): 487–534.
73.
SinatsP.ScottD. G.McFerranS.HittosM.CraggC.LeblancT.BrooksD. (2005) Writing ourselves into being: Writing as spiritual self-care for adolescent girls, part 1. International Journal of Children's Spirituality10(1): 17–29.
74.
StewartS. L. (2008) Promoting indigenous mental health: Cultural perspectives on healing from native counselors in Canada. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education46(2): 49–56.
75.
StonehouseC. (1998) Joining Children on the Spiritual Journey: Nurturing a Life of Faith, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
76.
TateD.ForchheimerM. (2002) Quality of life, life satisfaction, and spirituality: Comparing outcomes between rehabilitations and cancer patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation81(6): 400–410.
77.
TrothenT. J. (2015) Winning the Race? Religion, Hope, and the Reshaping of the Athletic Enhancement Debate, Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
78.
TurkleS. (2011) Alone Together: Why We Expect More From Computers and Less From Each Other, New York, NY: Basic Books.
79.
TwengeJ. (2007) Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – And More Miserable Than Ever Before, Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, Simon and Shuster.
80.
TwengeJ. (2009) The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement, Glencoe, IL: Free Press, Simon and Schuster.
81.
UN General Assembly (1989) Convention on the rights of the child. United Nations, Treaty Series, Volume 1577, p.3. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html (accessed 14 November 2016).
UnruhA. M.VersnetJ.KerrN. (2002) Spirituality unplugged: A review of commonalities and contentions and a resolution. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy69(1): 5–19.
84.
WittS. (1997) Parental influence on children's socialization to gender roles. Adolescence32(126): 253–259.
85.
WitvlietC. V. O.LudwigT. E.Vander LaanK. (2001) Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science12(2): 117–123.
86.
WitvlietC. V. O.McCulloughM. E. (2007) Forgiveness and health: A review and theoretical exploration of emotion pathways. In: PostS. G. (ed.) Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 259–276.