Weighing less than three pounds four ounces, very low birthweight infants account for 1.4% of births and 46% of infant deaths in the U.S. Mothers of these infants often endure significant suffering while witnessing their children struggle for life. By examining their psychological and theological needs, and drawing on a mother's lived experience, this article develops a psychospiritual, family-centered theory of care to aid chaplains in providing spiritual care to mothers in the NICU.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2004). Maternal depression and child development. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9(8), 575–583.
2.
CatlinE.A.GuilleminJ.H.ThielM.M.HammondS.WangM.L. & O'DonnellJ. (2001). Spiritual and religious components of patient care in the neonatal intensive care unit: Sacred themes in a secular setting. Journal of Perinatology, 23, 426–430. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7210600
ClarkR.TluczekA., & WenzelA. (2003). Psychotherapy for postpartum depression: A Preliminary report. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(4), 441–454. doi:10.1037/00029432.73.4.441
5.
DavisL.EdwardsH.MohayH., & WollinJ. (2003). The Impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers. Early Human Development, 73, 61–70. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(03), 00073–2.
6.
EichmannM.E. (2000). The neonatal infant as parishioner: The Impact upon mothers of pastoral care extended to their neonatal infants. Chaplaincy Today, 16(1), 23–27. Retrieved from http://www.professionalchaplains.org/index.aspx?id=1182
7.
FeudtnerC.HaneyJ., & DimmersM.A. (2003). Spiritual care needs of hospitalized children and their families: A National survey of pastoral care providers' perceptions. Pediatrics, 111(1), e67–e73. doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.e67
8.
GoodmanS.BroganD.LynchM.E., & FieldingB. (1993). Social and emotional competence in children of depressed mothers. Child Development, 64, 516–531. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1131266
HeermannJ.A.WilsonM.E. & WilhelmP.A. (2005). Mothers in the NICU: Outsider to partner. Pediatric Nursing, 31(3), 176–181. Retrieved from http://www.pediatricnursing.net/
11.
HendrickV. & AltshulerL. (2002). Management of major depression during pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1667–1673. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/
12.
HiltnerS. (1958). Preface to pastoral theology. Nashville, Abingdon Press.
JotzoM. & PoetsC.F. (2005). Helping parents cope with the trauma of a premature birth: An Evaluation of a trauma-preventive psychological intervention. Pediatrics, 115(4), 915–919. doi:10.1542/peds., 2004–0370.
16.
KornfeldM.Z. (1998). Cultivating wholeness: A Guide to care and counseling in faith communities. New York: Continuum.
17.
LyonJ. (1985). Playing God in the nursery. New York: W.W. Norton.
18.
MartinJ.A.HamiltonB.E.SuttonP.D.VenturaS.J.MathewsT.J., & OstermanM.J.K. (2010). Births: Final data for 2008. National Vital Statistics Report, 59(1), 1–72.
19.
MathewsT.J. & MacDormanM.F. (2011). Infant mortality statistics from the 2007 period linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Report, 59(6), 1–47.
20.
MurrayL.Fiori-CowleyA.HooperR., & CooperP. (1996). The Impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome?Child Development, 67, 2512–2526. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1131637
21.
OnunakuN. (2005). Improving maternal and infant health: Focus on maternal depression. Los Angeles: National Center for Infant and Early Childhood Health Policy at UCLA.
22.
Pelaez-NoguerasM.FieldT.HossaineZ., & PickensJ. (1996). Depressed mothers' touching increases infants' positive affect and attention in still-face interactions. Child Development, 67, 1780–1792. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1131731
RobinsonM.R.ThielM.M.BackusM.M., & MeyerE.C. (2006). Matters of spirituality at the end of life in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics, 118(3), e719–e729. doi:10.1542/peds., 2005–2298.
SelyeH. (1956). The Stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
27.
TaffelS.M. (1989). Trends in low birth weight: United States, 1975–85. Vital and Health Statistics. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Series 21, No. 48.
28.
TillichP. (1952). The Courage to be. New Haven: Yale University Press.
29.
WigertH.JohanssonR.BergM., & HellstromA.L. (2006). Mothers' experiences of having their newborn child in a neonatal intensive care unit. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 20, 35–41. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2006.00377.x