Abstract
Head-up display (HUD) research has centered on modifications to the basic aircraft control symbology—the pitch-ladder lines. Although some of these modifications have led to minor improvements in attitude recognition, major problems still exist: pilots continue to experience spatial disorientation and to complain of occlusion due to the HUD symbols. This experiment compared four variations of a basic HUD pitch ladder: Display A, double articulation; Display B, single negative articulation; Display C, single negative articulation with gradually increasing thickness; and Display D, single negative articulation with gradually increasing thickness in a global arrangement. Accuracy of bank recognition was best when pitch-ladder symbology incorporated noticeable asymmetry. Double articulation and graduated thickness were associated with greater accuracy of pitch recognition. Studies under dynamic conditions are recommended.
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