In this paper a discussion is presented of the antecedents, the emergence, and the impact of Rasmussen's skill, rule, and knowledge based behavior classification. While level-based behavioral taxonomies have been used in the past, Rasmussen's use of the concept for describing human control of complex systems has had a widespread impact. It has aided interdisciplinary communication and has provided an organizing rubric for vast areas of research.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CraikF. I. M.LockhartR. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 11, 671–684.
2.
FleishmanE. A.QuaintanceM. K. (1984). Taxonomies of Human Performance. Orlando, FA: Academic Press.
3.
GagneR. M. (1962). Psychological Principles in System Development. New York: Rinehart, and Winston.
4.
GoodsteinL. P. (1981). Summary of workshop discussions. In RasmussenJ.RouseW. B. (Eds.), Human detection and diagnosis of system failures. New York: Plenum Press.
5.
HuntR. M.RouseW. B. (1984). A fuzzy rule-based model of human problem-solving. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-14, 112–120.
6.
KuhnT. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
7.
MastermanM. (1970). The nature of a paradigm: In LakatosI.MusgraveA. (Eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
8.
MeisterD. (1984). Behavioral Analysis and Measurement Methods. New York: Wiley.
9.
ParadiesM. W. (1985). Cognitive allocation and the Control Room.Proceedings of the IEEE Third Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants, Monterey, CA.
10.
RasmussenJ. (1980). What can be learned from human error reports? In DuncanK.D.GrunebergM. M.WallisD. (Eds.), Changes in Working Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
11.
RasmussenJ. (1983). Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols; and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man & Cybernetics, SMC-13, 257–266.
12.
ReasonJ. (1985). Recurrent errors in process environments: Some implications for the design of intelligent decision support systems. Preprint of proceedings from the NATO Advanced Study Institute: Intelligent Decision Aids in Process Environments. San Miniato (Pisa), Italy, Sept. 16–27.
13.
SheridanT. B. (1976). Preview of models of the human monitor/supervisor. In SheridanT. B.JohannsenG. (Eds.), Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control. New York: Plenum Press.
14.
SheridanT. B. (1986). Supervisory Control. To appear in SalvendyG. (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors/Ergonomics. New York: Wiley.
15.
ShiffrinR.SchneiderW. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing, II. Psychological Review, 84, 127–190.
16.
WickensC. D. (1984). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
17.
WoodsD. D.RothE. M.EmbreyD. (1986). Assessment of models of cognitive behavior in NNPs. Westinghouse R&D Technical Report.
