Captain Rhodes noted that all his aircraft fly like aircraft. 707s, for example, fly like 707s. His simulators do not fly like aircraft and my simplistic answer is that the reason they do not fly like aircraft is they are not aircraft. The simulator is fundamentally a box sitting on the ground (Tait, 1972).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdamsJ. A.Research and the future of engineering psychology. American Psychologist, 1972, 27, 615–622.
2.
BlaiwesA. S.PuigP. A.ReganJ. J.Transfer of training and the measurement of training effectiveness. Human Factors, 1973, 15, 523–533.
3.
BrayR. S.A study of vertical motion requirements for landing simulation. Human Factors, 1973, 15, 561–568.
4.
CaroP. W.An innovative instrument flight training program. New York: Society of Automotive Engineers, Paper No. 710480, 1971.
5.
CaroP. W.Aircraft simulators and pilot training. Human Factors, 1973, 15, 502–509.
6.
Comptroller General of the United States.Greater use of flight simulators in military pilot training can lower costs and increase pilot proficiency. B-157905. Washington, D. C., August 9, 1973.
7.
CreelmanJ. A.Evaluation of approach training procedures. U. S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine, Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida, October 1959. (AD 89997).
8.
FlexmanR. E.Evaluation of flight simulators: Analysis of the problem and development of methodology. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Illinois, 1950.
9.
FlexmanR. E.MathenyW. G.BrownE. L.Evaluation of the School Link and special methods of instruction in a ten-hour private pilot flight-training program. University of Illinois Bulletin, 1950, 47 (80), (Aeronautics Bulletin 8).
10.
FlexmanR. E.RoscoeS. N.WilliamsA. C.Jr.WilligesB. H.Studies in pilot training: The anatomy of transfer. Aviation Research Monographs, 1972, 2 (1).
11.
FlexmanR. E.TownsendJ. C.OrnsteinG. N.Evaluation of a contact flight simulator when used in an Air Force primary pilot training program: Part I. Over-all effectiveness. Lackland Air Force Base, Tex.: Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, Technical Report AFPTRC-TR-54-38, September 1954. (AD 53730).
12.
HuddlestonH. F.RolfeJ. M.Behavioral factors influencing the use of flight simulators for training. Applied Ergonomics, 1971, 2, 141–148.
13.
IsleyR. N.CaroP. W.JolleyO. B.Evaluation of synthetic flight training in the officer/ warrant officer rotary wing aviator course. Alexandria, Va.: Human Resources Research Organization, Technical Report 68–14, 1968.
14.
JacobsR. S.WilligesR. C.RoscoeS. N.Simulator motion as a factor in flight-director display evaluation. Human Factors, 1973, 15, 569–582.
15.
JolleyO. B.CaroP. W.Jr.A determination of selected costs of flight and synthetic flight training. Alexandria, Va.: Human Resources Research Organization, Technical Report 70–6, 1970.
16.
KoonceJ. M.Effects of ground based aircraft simulator motion conditions upon prediction of pilot proficiency. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1974. (Also: Technical Report ARL-74-5/AFOSR-74-3. Savoy, Ill.: University of Illinois, Institute of Aviation, Aviation Research Laboratory, April 1974.).
17.
MucklerF. A.NygaardJ. E.O'KellyL. I.WilliamsA. C.Jr.Psychological variables in the design of flight simulators for training. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Wright Air Development Center, WADC Technical Report 56–369, January 1959. (AD 97130).
18.
OrnsteinG. N.NicholsI. A.FlexmanR. E.Evaluation of a contact flight simulator when used in an Air Force primary pilot training program. Part II. Effectiveness of training on component skills. Lackland Air Force Base, Tex.: Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, Technical Report AFPTRC-TR-54-110, December 1954. (AD 62373).
19.
PayneT. A.DoughertyD. J.HaslerS. G.SkeenJ. R.BrownE. L.WilliamsA. C.Jr.Improving landing performance using a contact landing trainer. Port Washington, N.Y.: Office of Naval Research, Special Devices Center, Technical Report SPECDEVCEN 71-16-11, March 1954. (AD121200).
20.
PovenmireH. K.RoscoeS. N.An evaluation of ground-based flight trainers in routine primary flight training. Human Factors, 1971, 13, 109–116.
21.
PovenmireH. K.RoscoeS. N.The incremental transfer effectiveness of a ground-based general aviation trainer. Human Factors, 1973, 15, 537–545.
22.
ProphetW. W.BoydH. A.Device-task fidelity and transfer of training: Aircraft cockpit procedures training. Alexandria, Va.: Human Resources Research Organization, Technical Report 70–10, 1970.
23.
RoscoeS. N.Incremental transfer effectiveness. Human Factors, 1971, 13, 561–567.
24.
RoscoeS. N.A little more on incremental transfer effectiveness. Human Factors, 1972, 14, 363–364.
25.
RoscoeS. N.Incremental transfer and cost effectiveness of flight training simulators. In Proceedings of the Seventh Naval Training Equipment Center and Industry Conference.Orlando, Fla.: Naval Training Equipment Center, November 1974. (Also: Technical Report ARL-74-9/AFOSR-74-5. Savoy, Ill.: University of Illinois, Institute of Aviation, Aviation Research Laboratory, August 1974.).
26.
RuoccoJ. N.KlierS.GageH.VitaleP.Design factors in environmental simulation. Orlando, Fla.: Naval Training Device Center, NAVTRADEVCEN 66-C-0019-1, December 1970.
27.
RuoccoJ. N.VitaleP. A.BenfariR. C.Kinetic cueing in simulated carrier approaches. Port Washington, N. Y.: Naval Training Device Center, NAVTRADEVCEN 1432-1, April 1965. (AD 617689).
28.
TaitD. R.Efforts toward effective simulation. Paper presented at Air Transport Association Simulation Subcommittee Workshop, October 3–4, 1972.
29.
TownsendJ. C.Evaluation of the Link ME-1 basic instrument flight trainer. Lackland AFB, Tex.: Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, Technical Report AFPTRC-TN-56-84, June 1956. (AD 113519).
30.
ValverdeH. H.A review of flight simulator transfer of training studies. Human Factors, 1973, 15, 510–523.
31.
WilcoxonH. C.DavyE.WebsterJ. C.Evaluation of the SNJ operational flight trainer. Port Washington, N. Y.: Office of Naval Research, Special Devices Center, Technical Report SDC-999-2-1, March 1954. (AD 086988).
32.
WilliamsA. C.Jr.Research in synthetic trainers. In Conference for planning psychological research related to optimum utilization of B-50 electronic flight simulators.Lackland Air Force Base, Tex.: Human Resources Research Laboratory, Memorandum Report 9, 1951.
33.
WilligesR. C.RoscoeS. N.Simulator motion in aviation system design research. Savoy, Ill.: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Institute of Aviation, Aviation Research Laboratory, Technical Report ARL-73-6/ONR-73-2/AFOSR-73-3, May 1973.