Confusion in the Cockpit

Abstract

Persistent and pervasive, pilot confusion reigns as the most frequently reported, yet under-investigated, human factor in aviation mishaps. Using Aviation Safety Reporting System incident reports with pilot self-appraisal of confusion, the current study analyzed pilot confusion, and the relationships of confusion-related antecedents, conditions, and events. Results indicated that types and patterns of pilot confusion exist, and these can be classified in the context of operational-specific conditions and the nature of the confusing events. Results further revealed that when both pilots experienced confusion during the same event, it was not inherently shared confusion. Crew configuration and phase of flight were associated, as well as phase of flight and type of confusion. Significant differences were revealed in the human factors, contributing factors, and primary problems associated with incidents of pilot confusion. A novelty matrix for classifying incidents was evaluated, and revisions recommended for adaptation to aviation-specific use.