Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

This study explored an extended three-dimensional Fitts' law that is more suited for the pointing task than the conventional Fitts' law. The experiments were conducted under the manipulation of the distance to the target, size of the target, and direction of the target's location that can be described by two angles, θ1 and θ2. Considering the starting point as the center of coordinates, θ1 is the angle between the positive z-axis and the target location and θ2 is the angle between the positive y-axis and the projected target location on the x-y plane. From the experimental results, we confirmed that all four variables significantly affect the movement time. As we extended the index of difficulty of the conventional Fitts' model by incorporating θ1 and θ2, we established an extended Fitt's model that showed better accordance with the empirical data than the conventional Fitts' model, in terms of the r ² and the standard error of the residual between the measured movement time and the predicted value.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Accot

Zhai

(2003). Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing. ACM CHI. (pp. 193–200).

Boritz

Booth

K. S.

Cowan

W. B.

(1991). Fitts' law studies of directional mouse movement. Graphic Interface. (pp. 216–223).

Card

S. K.

English

W. K.

Burr

B. J.

(1978). Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joysticks, step keys, and text keys for selection on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21. (pp. 601–613).

Cockburn

Gutwin

(2009). A predictive model of human performance with scrolling and hierarchical lists. Human-Computer Interaction, 24. (pp. 273–314).

Fitts

P. M.

(1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47. (pp. 381–391).

Fitts

P. M.

(1964). Information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67. (pp. 103–112).

Grossman

Balakrishnan

(2004). Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments. ACM CHI, 6(1). (pp. 447–454).

Hoffmann

Sheikh

(1994). Effect of varying target height in a Fitts' movement task. Ergonomics, 37(6). (pp. 1071–1088).

Mackenzie

I. S.

(1989). A note on the information-theoretic basis for Fitts' law. Journal of Motor Behavior, 21. (pp. 323–330).

10.

MacKenzie

I. S.

(1992). Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 7. (pp. 91–139).

11.

MacKenzie

I. S.

Buxton

(1992). Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks. ACM CHI. (pp. 219–226).

12.

MacKenzie

I. S.

Sellen

Buxton

(1991). A comparison of input devices in elemental pointing and dragging tasks. Proceedings of the CHI1991 conference on human factor in computing system, 161–166. New York: ACM.

13.

Murata

Iwase

(2001). Extending Fitts' law to three-dimensional pointing task. Human Movement Science, 20. (pp. 791–805).

Extended Fitts' law in Three-Dimensional Pointing Tasks

Abstract

Get full access to this article

References