We discuss recent research in the X-ray security screening task and identify some of the learning and performance issues arising from this complex visual search process. We emphasize research exploring the effects of collaboration and focused search and discuss some of the issues that come out of this research. We examine the effects of collaboration and its interaction with the search process and, from this, provide a number of research questions to help the field better understand how to utilize individual and collaborative training as a means of improving target detection. Our goal is to provide training researchers with the information needed to compare and contrast these potentially beneficial training approaches for baggage screening.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CaplanL. J.SchoolerC. (1990). Problem solving by reference to rules or previous episodes: The effects of organized training, analogical models, and subsequent complexity of experience. Memory and Cognition, 18, 215–227.
2.
DoaneS. M.SohnY. W.AldertonD. L.PellegrinoJ. W. (1996). Acquisition and Transfer of Skilled Performance: Are Visual Discrimination Skills Stimulus Specific? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22 (5), 1218–1248.
3.
EnglishS.YazdaniM. (1999). Computer-supported cooperative learning in a virtual university. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 15, 2–13.
4.
FioreS. M.JentschF.RubinsteinJ. (2004). Science and Security: Human-centered Research for Keeping our Nation Safe. Cognitive Technology, 9, 20–21.
5.
FioreS. M.RubinsteinJ.JentschF. (2004). Considering Science and Security from a Broader Research Perspective. Cognitive Technology, 9, 40–42.
6.
FioreS. M.ScielzoS.JentschF.HowardM. (2006). Understanding performance and cognitive efficiency when training for X-ray security screening. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 2610–2614). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
7.
FleckM. S.MitroffS. F. (2007). Rare Targets Are Rarely Missed in Correctable Search. Psychological Science, 18.
8.
FlorinesC.ShenC.WigdorD.BalakrishnanR. (2004). Exploring the Effects of Group Size & Display Configuration on Visual Search. Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 284–293.
9.
HealyA. F.WohldmannE. L.ParkerJ. T.BourneL. E. (2005). Skill Training, Retention and Transfer: The Effects of a Concurrent Secondary Task. Memory and Cognition, 33 (8), 1457–1471.
10.
JentschF.ScielzoS.FioreS. M.SchusterD.OsoskyS.RehfeldS. (2008). DTM Versus TRX Training for Airport Security Screeners: Assessing DTM Field Suitability for Improved IED Detection. Rapid Communication to TSA.
11.
JonassenD. H. (1993). Thinking technology: The trouble with learning environments. Educational Technology, 33(1), 35–37.
12.
LeidnerD. E.JarvenpaaS. L. (1995). The use of information technology to enhance management school education: A theoretical view. MIS Quarterly, 19(3), 265–292.
13.
MenneerT.BarrettD.PhillipsL.DonnellyN.CaveK. (2007). Costs in Searching for Two Targets: Dividing Search Across Target Types Could Improve Airport Security Screening. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 915–932.
14.
MenneerT.PhillipsL.DonnellyN.BarrettD.J.KCaveK. R. (2004). Search Efficiency for Multiple Targets, International Journal of Cognitive Technology, 9, 22–26
15.
MorrisC. D.BransfordJ. D.FranksJ. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer-appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 519–533.
16.
RoedigerH. L.GalloD. A.GeraciL. (2002). Processing approaches to cognition: The impetus from the levels-of-processing framework. Memory, 10, 319–332.
17.
RoedigerH. L.WeldonM. S.ChallisB. H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In RoedigerH.L.CraikF.I.M., Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving (pp. 3–41). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18.
RoschelleJ. (1992). Learning by Collaboration: Convergent Conceptual Change. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2, 235–276.
19.
RothW. M. (2002). Gestures: Their role in teaching and learning. Review of Educational Research, 71, 365–392.
20.
SchrothM. (2000). The Effects of Type and Amount of Pretraining on Transfer in Concept Formation. The Journal of General psychology, 127(3), 261–26.
21.
SmithJ. D.RedfordJ. S.WashburnP. A.TagliatelaL. A. (2005). Specific-Token Effects in Screening Tasks: Possible Implications for Aviation Security. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 31, 1171–1185.
22.
RubinsteinJ. (2002). Aviation security long-term theoretical human factors research. International Airport Review, 49–54.
WolfeJ. M.HorowitzT.S.Van WertM.J.KennerN.M.PlaceS.S.KibbiN. (2007). Low Target Prevalence Is a Stubborn Source of Errors in Visual Search Tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 136.
