To better understand how performance on virtual environment (VE) tasks can be affected, four virtual environment constructs were studied and a model was generated to explain the relationships among them. The overarching relationship of interest was between performance and presence. The results from structural equation modeling (SEM) suggest that a sense of presence in VEs has a direct causal relationship upon VE performance, and immersive tendency and simulator sickness have an indirect relationship with VE performance, both fully mediated through presence.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BaileyJ. H. (1994). Spatial knowledge acquisition in a virtual environment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Central Florida, Orlando.
JoreskogK. G.SorbomD. (1988). Lisrel 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications.Chicago: SPSS Inc.
4.
KelloggR. S.KennedyR. S.GraybielA. (1965). Motion sickness symptomatology of labyrintine defective and normal subjects during zero gravity maneuvers. Aerospace Medicine, 4, 315–318.
5.
KennedyR. S.LaneN. E.BerbaumK. S.LilienthalM. G. (1993). A simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ): A new method for quantifying simulator sickness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(3), 203–220.
6.
KlineR. B., (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling.New York: Guilford.
7.
SingerM. J.EhrlichE. A.AllenR. C. (1998). Effect of a Body Model on Performance in a Virtual Environment Search Task. (Technical Report 1087). Alexandria, VA: U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. (ADA352026).
8.
SingerM. J.GrantS.CommarfordP. M.KringJ. P.ZavodM. (2001). Team performance in distributed virtual environments. (Technical Report 1118). Alexandria, VA: U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
9.
Statsoft, Inc., (1998). STATISTICA for Windows (Computer program manual). Tulsa, OK: Statsoft, Inc.
10.
UllmanJ. B., (1996). Structural equation modeling. In TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (Eds.), Using Multivariate Statistics, 3rd ed. (p 709–811). HarperCollins College Publishers. New York, NY.
11.
WitmerB. G.BaileyJ. H.KnerrB. W.ParsonsK. C., (1996). Virtual spaces and real world places: Transfer of route knowledge. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies45, 413–428.
12.
WitmerB. G.SadowskiW. J.Jr.FinkelsteinN. (2002). VE-based training strategies for acquiring configuration knowledge. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 11(2), 1–18.
13.
WitmerB. G.SingerM. J. (1994). Measuring presence in virtual environments. (Technical Report 1014). Alexandria, VA: U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. (ADA 286183).
14.
WitmerB.G.SingerM.J. (1998). Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(3), 225–240.
