Abstract
Automation that is meant to assist the operator by reducing stress and workload may actually increase both. Automation can be imperfect, and as a result may add to uncertainty and degrade performance when it fails. In a complex and dynamic task environment, this may lead to increased stress, which in turn may be associated with inefficient use of automation. The present study examined the relative benefits and costs of imperfect information and decision automation in a simulated battlefield engagement task. Performance and stress were evaluated for short- (10 minutes) and long-durations (30 minutes) of the task. The cost of unreliable aiding—a decrease in accuracy of appropriate target engagement selection—was greater for the decision automation than for information automation, irrespective of task length. Unreliability also slowed response times more for decision than for information automation, but only when the task was long. Subjective reports of stress also increased in the longer automated conditions. The results show that automated decision aids can improve performance when reliable. However, the price of imperfect decision automation is reduced accuracy and increased stress compared to information automation, particularly when the task must be performed for long periods.
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