Based on research in the emergency management and military domains this paper reports on research and development of theories, methods and tools for modeling, analysis and accident prevention in precarious lime-critical air traffic control, process control, emergency response and military operations. We describe case studies, field studies, and experiments using a combined systems theory, Cognitive Systems Engineering and psychophysiology framework. We performed identification, modeling, and synthesis of Joint Tactical Cognitive Systems, and their inherent command, control, and intelligence activities. The dynamics of tactical missions are of a specific nature, and determined and forward exploitation and control of these real-time, safety-critical operational dynamics are vital for success in a wartime or disaster scenario. We found significant relations between workload, time pressure, catecholamine levels in saliva samples, and cognitive complexity.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BrehmerB. (1991). Time scales, distributed decision making, and modem information technology. In RasmussenJ.BrehmerB.LeplatJ. (Eds.), Distributed Decision Making: Cognitive Models for Cooperative Work.Chichester: Wiley.
2.
BrehmerB. (1992). Dynamic decision making: Human control of complex systems. Acta Psychologica, 81, pp. 211–241.
3.
BrehmerB.AllardR. (1991). Real time dynamic decision making: The effects of task complexity and feedback delays. In RasmussenJ.BrehmerB.LeplatJ. (Ed.), Distributed Decision Making: Cognitive Models for Cooperative Work. Chichester: Wiley.
4.
EriksenH. R.OlffM.MurisonR.UrsinH. (1999). The time dimension in stress responses: relevance for survival and health. Psychiatry Research. 85, pp. 39–50.
5.
ForresterJ. W. (1961). Industrial Dynamics. Portland, OR: Productivity Press.
6.
HollnagelE. (1998), Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.
7.
HollnagelE.WoodsD. D., (1983). Gognitive Systems Engineering: New Wine in New Bottles. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 18, pp. 583–600.
8.
HolmboeJ.BellH.NormanN. (1975). Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and Steroids in Military Cadets Exposed to Prolonged Stress. Försvarsmedicin, 11, p. 183.
9.
LevineS.UrsinH. (1991). What is stress? In BrownM. R.KoobG-F.RivierC. (Eds.), Stress – Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 3–21.
10.
RasmussenJ. (1986). Information Processing and Human-Machine Interaction: An Approach to Cognitive Engineering. New York: North-Holland.
RasmussenJ.PejtersenA. M.GoodsteinL. (1994). Cognitive Systems Engineering. New York: Wiley.
13.
RochlinG. I. (1997). Trapped in the Net: The Unanticipated Consequenses of Computerization, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
14.
SengeP. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline – The Art and Practice of The Learning Organisation. Currency and Doubleday, New York.
15.
SjöbergL.SvenssonE.PerssonL.-O. (1979). The measurement of mood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 20, pp. 1–18.
16.
SmithP.WoodsD. DMcCoyE.BillingsC.SarterN.DenningR.DekkerS. W. (1997). Human-Centered Technologies and Procedures for Future Air Traffic Management. Activities Report, Contract No. NAG2-995.
17.
SvenssonE.Angelborg-ThangertzM.SjöbergL. (1993). Mission Challenge, Mental Workload and Performance in Military Aviation. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, Nov., pp. 985–991.
18.
WormA. (1998a). Tactical Joint Cognitive Systems Performance in Dynamic, Distributed, Time-Critical Operations. In Proceedings of The 4th International Symposium on Command and Control Research and Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
19.
WormA. (1998b). Joint Tactical Cognitive Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Performance Assessment. In Proceedings of The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: The Human Factors Society.
20.
WormA. (1999a), Mission Efficiency Analysis of Tactical Joint Cognitive Systems. In Proceedings of The NATO International Symposium on Modelling and Analysis of Command and Control, Paris, France.
21.
WormA. (1999b). Evaluating Tactical Real-time Interaction in Multi-agent, Dynamic, Haiardous, High-stake Operations. In Proceedings of The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting, The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., USA.
22.
WormA. (1999c). Performance of Joint Cognitive Systems In Dynamic, Time-Critical, Hazardous Distributed Operations. In Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, IRB-Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
23.
WormA. (2000). When Theory Becomes Practice: Integrating Scientific Disciplines for Tactical Mission Analysis and Systems Development. In RTO/NATO Meeting Proceedings of the NATO Human Factors and Medicine Panel International Symposium on Usability of Information in Battle Management Operations, Oslo, Norway.
24.
ZeierH. (1994). Workload and psychophysiological stress reactions in air traffic controllers. Ergonomics, 37, pp. 525–539.
